{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:31:19Z","timestamp":1773329479148,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62271068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271068"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["L222046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L222046"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant","award":["62271068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271068"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant","award":["L222046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L222046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The research on high-precision and all-scenario localization using the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band is of great urgency. Due to the characteristics of mmWave, blockages make the localization task more complex. This paper proposes a cooperative localization system among user equipment (UEs) assisted by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), which considers device-to-device (D2D) communication. RISs are used as anchor points, and position estimation is achieved through signal exchanges between UEs. Firstly, we establish a localization model based on this system and derive the UEs\u2019 positioning error bound (PEB) as a performance metric. Then, a UE-RIS joint beamforming design is proposed to optimize channel state information (CSI) with the objective of achieving the minimum PEB. Finally, simulation analysis demonstrates the advantages of the proposed scheme over RIS-assisted base station positioning, achieving centimeter-level accuracy with a 10 dBm lower transmission power.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1717675468000},"page":"3694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Localization Performance Analysis and Algorithm Design of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted D2D Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mengke","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiejun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingmu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6111-9687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1986.1143830","article-title":"Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation","volume":"34","author":"Schmidt","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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