{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:46:41Z","timestamp":1769723201853,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP23K11867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K11867"]}]},{"name":"Subsidy for operating cost to promote practical development for area rehabilitation","award":["JP23K11867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K11867"]}]},{"name":"METI and Fukushima Prefecture","award":["JP23K11867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K11867"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Project from the Research Center for Biomedical Engineering","award":["JP23K11867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K11867"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound imaging is an essential tool in anesthesiology, particularly for ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks (US-PNBs). However, challenges such as speckle noise, acoustic shadows, and variability in nerve appearance complicate the accurate localization of nerve tissues. To address this issue, this study introduces a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN), specifically Scaled-YOLOv4, and investigates an appropriate network model and input image scaling for nerve detection on ultrasound images. Utilizing two datasets, a public dataset and an original dataset, we evaluated the effects of model scale and input image size on detection performance. Our findings reveal that smaller input images and larger model scales significantly improve detection accuracy. The optimal configuration of model size and input image size not only achieved high detection accuracy but also demonstrated real-time processing capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1717675468000},"page":"3696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of Appropriate Scaling of Networks and Images for Convolutional Neural Network-Based Nerve Detection in Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4922-7375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takaaki","family":"Sugino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0642-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinya","family":"Onogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"}]},{"given":"Rieko","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}]},{"given":"Chie","family":"Hanayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8746-3152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoki","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shinjiro","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCC Media Lab Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0152, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IOT SOFT Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-0023, Japan"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Ogasawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCC Media Lab Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0152, Japan"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Murakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3067-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683685","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/683685","article-title":"Ultrasound for the anesthesiologists: Present and future","volume":"2013","author":"Terkawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. 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