{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:36:25Z","timestamp":1767008185062,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R21CA213169","R01DK106292","R21AG061579","R01DK114428","R01EB030470","R21EB027263","NIH P41 EB017183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21CA213169","R01DK106292","R21AG061579","R01DK114428","R01EB030470","R21EB027263","NIH P41 EB017183"]}]},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research","award":["R21CA213169","R01DK106292","R21AG061579","R01DK114428","R01EB030470","R21EB027263","NIH P41 EB017183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21CA213169","R01DK106292","R21AG061579","R01DK114428","R01EB030470","R21EB027263","NIH P41 EB017183"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to limitations in current motion tracking technologies and increasing interest in alternative sensors for motion tracking both inside and outside the MRI system, in this study we share our preliminary experience with three alternative sensors utilizing diverse technologies and interactions with tissue to monitor motion of the body surface, respiratory-related motion of major organs, and non-respiratory motion of deep-seated organs. These consist of (1) a Pilot-Tone RF transmitter combined with deep learning algorithms for tracking liver motion, (2) a single-channel ultrasound transducer with deep learning for monitoring bladder motion, and (3) a 3D Time-of-Flight camera for observing the motion of the anterior torso surface. Additionally, we demonstrate the capability of these sensors to simultaneously capture motion data outside the MRI environment, which is particularly relevant for procedures like radiation therapy, where motion status could be related to previously characterized cyclical anatomical data. Our findings indicate that the ultrasound sensor can track motion in deep-seated organs (bladder) as well as respiratory-related motion. The Time-of-Flight camera offers ease of interpretation and performs well in detecting surface motion (respiration). The Pilot-Tone demonstrates efficacy in tracking bulk respiratory motion and motion of major organs (liver). Simultaneous use of all three sensors could provide complementary motion information outside the MRI bore, providing potential value for motion tracking during position-sensitive treatments such as radiation therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T08:05:17Z","timestamp":1717747517000},"page":"3710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preliminary Experience with Three Alternative Motion Sensors for 0.55 Tesla MR Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhika","family":"Tibrewala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI<sup>2<\/sup>R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Brantner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI<sup>2<\/sup>R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2683-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI<sup>2<\/sup>R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}]},{"given":"Leanna","family":"Pancoast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI<sup>2<\/sup>R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-9333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Keerthivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc., New York, NY 10016, USA"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI<sup>2<\/sup>R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}]},{"given":"Kai Tobias","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI<sup>2<\/sup>R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Madore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Sodickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI<sup>2<\/sup>R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI<sup>2<\/sup>R), Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2015.03.007","article-title":"Toward quantifying the prevalence, severity, and cost associated with patient motion during clinical MR examinations","volume":"12","author":"Andre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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