{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T22:43:29Z","timestamp":1771541009360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interreg VI-Programm Deutschland-Nederland","award":["Nr. 12078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. 12078"]}]},{"name":"Interreg VI-Programm Deutschland-Nederland","award":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["Nr. 12078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. 12078"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"]}]},{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs (EZK)","award":["Nr. 12078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. 12078"]}]},{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs (EZK)","award":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"]}]},{"name":"MWIKE NRW","award":["Nr. 12078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. 12078"]}]},{"name":"MWIKE NRW","award":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"]}]},{"name":"MB Niedersachsen","award":["Nr. 12078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. 12078"]}]},{"name":"MB Niedersachsen","award":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"]}]},{"name":"provinces of Groningen, Frysl\u00e2n, Drenthe, Flevoland, Overijssel, Gelderland, Noord-Brabant, and Limburg","award":["Nr. 12078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. 12078"]}]},{"name":"provinces of Groningen, Frysl\u00e2n, Drenthe, Flevoland, Overijssel, Gelderland, Noord-Brabant, and Limburg","award":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"]}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","award":["Nr. 12078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. 12078"]}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","award":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211\/1024-1 FUGG"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The investigation of gait and its neuronal correlates under more ecologically valid conditions as well as real-time feedback visualization is becoming increasingly important in neuro-motor rehabilitation research. The Gait Real-time Analysis Interactive Lab (GRAIL) offers advanced opportunities for gait and gait-related research by creating more naturalistic yet controlled environments through immersive virtual reality. Investigating the neuronal aspects of gait requires parallel recording of brain activity, such as through mobile electroencephalography (EEG) and\/or mobile functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which must be synchronized with the kinetic and \/or kinematic data recorded while walking. This proof-of-concept study outlines the required setup by use of the lab streaming layer (LSL) ecosystem for real-time, simultaneous data collection of two independently operating multi-channel EEG and fNIRS measurement devices and gait kinetics. In this context, a customized approach using a photodiode to synchronize the systems is described. This study demonstrates the achievable temporal accuracy of synchronous data acquisition of neurophysiological and kinematic and kinetic data collection in the GRAIL. By using event-related cerebral hemodynamic activity and visually evoked potentials during a start-to-go task and a checkerboard test, we were able to confirm that our measurement system can replicate known physiological phenomena with latencies in the millisecond range and relate neurophysiological and kinetic data to each other with sufficient accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1718107860000},"page":"3779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Synchronization of Neurophysiological and Biomechanical Data in a Real-Time Virtual Gait Analysis System (GRAIL): A Proof-of-Principle Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3084-8832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan A.","family":"Maas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"G\u00f6cking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Stojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Voelcker-Rehage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3264-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter F.","family":"Kutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, University of M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Chapter 7\u2014Gait","volume":"Volume 159","author":"Day","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)81036-6","article-title":"Gait speed and activities of daily living function in geriatric patients","volume":"76","author":"Potter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. 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