{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T23:49:19Z","timestamp":1774050559198,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071312"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61575130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61575130"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFB3200102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3200102"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["62071312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071312"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["61575130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61575130"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFB3200102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3200102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To detect and differentiate two essential amino acids (L-Valine and L-Phenylalanine) in the human body, a novel asymmetrically folded dual-aperture metal ring terahertz metasurface sensor was designed. A solvent mixture of water and glycerol with a volume ratio of 2:8 was proposed to reduce the absorption of terahertz waves by reducing the water content. A sample chamber with a controlled liquid thickness of 15 \u03bcm was fabricated. And a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system, which is capable of horizontally positioning the samples, was assembled. The results of the sensing test revealed that as the concentration of valine solution varied from 0 to 20 mmol\/L, the sensing resonance peak shifted from 1.39 THz to 1.58 THz with a concentration sensitivity of 9.98 GHz\/mmol\u2217L\u22121. The resonance peak shift phenomenon in phenylalanine solution was less apparent. It is assumed that the coupling enhancement between the absorption peak position of solutes in the solution and the sensing peak position amplified the terahertz localized electric field resonance, which resulted in the increase in frequency shift. Therefore, it could be shown that the sensor has capabilities in performing the marker sensing detection of L-Valine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T04:15:27Z","timestamp":1718165727000},"page":"3798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Terahertz Sensing of L-Valine and L-Phenylalanine Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for THz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Key Laboratory of THz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for THz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Key Laboratory of THz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jixuan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for THz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Key Laboratory of THz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haochen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for THz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Key Laboratory of THz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for THz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Key Laboratory of THz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for THz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Key Laboratory of THz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guozhong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for THz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Key Laboratory of THz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74180-8_8","article-title":"Interorgan Metabolism of Amino Acids in Human Health and Disease","volume":"Volume 1332","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S282","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512002310","article-title":"In vitro determination of dietary protein and amino acid digestibility for humans","volume":"108","author":"Butts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.6.1575S","article-title":"Amino acid adequacy in pathophysiological states","volume":"134","author":"Soeters","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.1585","article-title":"D-amino acid in elderly tissues","volume":"28","author":"Fujii","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamei, Y., Hatazawa, Y., Uchitomi, R., Yoshimura, R., and Miura, S. (2020). Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function by Amino Acids. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010261"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602481","article-title":"Clinical application of biological markers for treatments of resectable non-small-cell lung cancers","volume":"92","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brit. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahin, F., and Aslan, A.F. (2018). Relationship between Inflammatory and Biological Markers and Lung Cancer. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7070160"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000358163","article-title":"Correlation between Expression of Biological Markers and [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in Endometrial Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Jo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Res. Treat"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geka, G., Kanioura, A., Likodimos, V., Gardelis, S., Papanikolaou, N., Kakabakos, S., and Petrou, P. (2023). SERS Immunosensors for Cancer Markers Detection. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16103733"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-009-9477-7","article-title":"Temperature Dependent Terahertz Spectroscopy of Allopurinol","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infrared. Millim. Terahertz Waves"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.2.1.014001","article-title":"Terahertz surface plasmonic waves: A review","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2003.1327","article-title":"Terahertz sources and detectors and their application to biological sensing","volume":"362","author":"Crowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s43074-021-00034-0","article-title":"Three-step one-way model in terahertz biomedical detection","volume":"2","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"PhotoniX"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2019.08.002","article-title":"Terahertz plasmonics: The rise of toroidal metadevices towards immunobiosensings","volume":"32","author":"Ahmadivand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013001","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/ab4dc3","article-title":"The progress and perspectives of terahertz technology for diagnosis of neoplasms: A review","volume":"22","author":"Zaytsev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.381035","article-title":"Hyperspectral terahertz microscopy via nonlinear ghost imaging","volume":"7","author":"Olivieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.2","article-title":"Metasurface holograms reaching 80% efficiency","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2014.99","article-title":"Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials","volume":"3","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Light-Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6351","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c01752","article-title":"Bound States in the Continuum in Anisotropic Plasmonic Metasurfaces","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-00750-2","article-title":"Metasurface optics for on-demand polarization transformations along the optical path","volume":"15","author":"Dorrah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L.L. (2018). Microwave Sensors for Breast Cancer Detection. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020655"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.111910","article-title":"Microfludics-based microwave sensor","volume":"309","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Mu, N., Liu, L.H., Xie, J.H., Feng, H., Yao, J.Q., Chen, T.N., and Zhu, W.R. (2021). Highly sensitive detection of malignant glioma cells using metamaterial-inspired THz biosensor based on electromagnetically induced transparency. Biosens. Bioelectron., 185.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113241"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, J.T., Xu, X.C., and Lin, Y.S. (2021). Tunable Terahertz Metamaterial with Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Characteristic for Sensing Application. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092175"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605125","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.605125","article-title":"Tunable Fano Resonance and Enhanced Sensing in Terahertz Metamaterial","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2021.107570","article-title":"Investigation of terahertz high Q-factor of all-dielectric metamaterials","volume":"146","author":"Leng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.125850","article-title":"High-sensitivity biosensor for identification of protein based on terahertz Fano resonance metasurfaces","volume":"473","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.8.000659","article-title":"Sensitive detection of cancer cell apoptosis based on the non-bianisotropic metamaterials biosensors in terahertz frequency","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14089","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.014089","article-title":"Terahertz sensing of highly absorptive water-methanol mixtures with multiple resonances in metamaterials","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2020.117734","article-title":"Solute concentration sensing in two aqueous solution using an optical metamaterial sensor","volume":"230","author":"Forouzeshfard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31589","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.031589","article-title":"High-sensitivity and label-free identification of a transgenic genome using a terahertz meta-biosensor","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6728","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3243094","article-title":"High Sensitive and Specific Detection of SCCA via Halloysite Nanotube Modified Terahertz Metasurface Sensor","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2022.106055","article-title":"Research on specific identification method of substances through terahertz metamaterial sensors","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2022.105766","article-title":"Study on the enhancement mechanism of terahertz molecular fingerprint sensing","volume":"39","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.11.014","article-title":"The terahertz electromagnetically induced transparency-like metamaterials for sensitive biosensors in the detection of cancer cells","volume":"126","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2020-0582","article-title":"Ultrasensitive terahertz sensing with high-Q toroidal dipole resonance governed by bound states in the continuum in all-dielectric metasurface","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2015.03.009","article-title":"Maximizing the safety of glycerol preserved human amniotic membrane as a biological dressing","volume":"41","author":"Zidan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2020.12.006","article-title":"The structural basis for glycerol permeation by human AQP7","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, W.L., Zuo, J., Zhou, Q.L., and Zhang, C.L. (2022). Quantitative determination of glycerol concentration in aqueous glycerol solutions by metamaterial-based terahertz spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 270.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.120812"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/12\/3798\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:57:13Z","timestamp":1760108233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/12\/3798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s24123798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24123798","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3893253\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]}}}