{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:23:30Z","timestamp":1782739410155,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["339336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["339336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The present pilot study aimed to propose an innovative scale-independent measure based on electroencephalographic (EEG) signals for the identification and quantification of the magnitude of chronic pain. Methods: EEG data were collected from three groups of participants at rest: seven healthy participants with pain, 15 healthy participants submitted to thermal pain, and 66 participants living with chronic pain. Every 30 s, the pain intensity score felt by the participant was also recorded. Electrodes positioned in the contralateral motor region were of interest. After EEG preprocessing, a complex analytical signal was obtained using Hilbert transform, and the upper envelope of the EEG signal was extracted. The average coefficient of variation of the upper envelope of the signal was then calculated for the beta (13\u201330 Hz) band and proposed as a new EEG-based indicator, namely Piq\u03b2, to identify and quantify pain. Main results: The main results are as follows: (1) A Piq\u03b2 threshold at 10%, that is, Piq\u03b2 \u2265 10%, indicates the presence of pain, and (2) the higher the Piq\u03b2 (%), the higher the extent of pain. Conclusions: This finding indicates that Piq\u03b2 can objectively identify and quantify pain in a population living with chronic pain. This new EEG-based indicator can be used for objective pain assessment based on the neurophysiological body response to pain. Significance: Objective pain assessment is a valuable decision-making aid and an important contribution to pain management and monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T06:29:43Z","timestamp":1718605783000},"page":"3873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Innovative EEG-Based Pain Identification and Quantification: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6662-5295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colince Meli","family":"Segning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, UQAC (Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"},{"name":"Biomechanical and Neurophysiological Research Laboratory in Neuro-Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation (Lab BioNR), Department of Health Sciences, UQAC (Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6879-436X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubens A.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanical and Neurophysiological Research Laboratory in Neuro-Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation (Lab BioNR), Department of Health Sciences, UQAC (Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"},{"name":"Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 et Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (CIUSSS SLSJ), Specialized Geriatrics Rehabilitation Services at the La Baie Hospital, CIUSSS-SLSJ, Saguenay, QC G7H 7K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3538-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzy","family":"Ngomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanical and Neurophysiological Research Laboratory in Neuro-Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation (Lab BioNR), Department of Health Sciences, UQAC (Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002291","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain among adults in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Yong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002557","article-title":"A global study of pain prevalence across 52 countries: Examining the role of country-level contextual factors","volume":"163","author":"Zimmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e779","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000779","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain in developing countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Moreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.896584","article-title":"A novel fuzzy pain demand index derived from patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain","volume":"54","author":"Shieh","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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