{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:59:53Z","timestamp":1768978793343,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF CREST Center for Multidisciplinary Research Excellence in Cyber-Physical Infrastructure Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2112650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2112650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the spatially configurable 3D integration of sensors in metal components to realize smart materials and structures. Outstanding sensing capabilities and size compatibility have made fiber optic sensors excellent candidates for integration in AM components. In this study, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were embedded in Inconel 718 tensile coupons printed using laser powder bed fusion AM. On-axis (fiber runs through the coupon\u2019s center of axis) and off-axis (fiber is at 5\u00b0 and 10\u00b0 to the coupon\u2019s center of axis) sensors were buried in epoxy resin inside narrow channels that run through the coupons. FBGs\u2019 spectral evolutions during embedment in the coupons were examined and cyclic loading experiments were conducted to analyze and evaluate the sensor integration process, complex strain loading, process flaws, and sensing performance. This study also demonstrates that the AM process-born deficiencies such as poor surface finish and staircase effects can be detrimental to the embedded sensors and their sensing performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T08:48:31Z","timestamp":1718614111000},"page":"3919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spectral Behavior of Fiber Bragg Gratings during Embedding in 3D-Printed Metal Tensile Coupons and Cyclic Loading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5307-6960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Shahriar","family":"Forhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3576-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmudul Hasan","family":"Porag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas, J., Dutta, T., Llamas Garro, I., Vel\u00e1zquez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.S., Dubey, R., and Mishra, S.K. 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