{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:13:20Z","timestamp":1782152000509,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cultivation Plan for Young Scholars in Universities of Shandong Province","award":["2021RC085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC085"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation Plan for Young Scholars in Universities of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021MF053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MF053"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation Plan for Young Scholars in Universities of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021MF070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MF070"]}]},{"name":"Natural Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["2021RC085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC085"]}]},{"name":"Natural Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021MF053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MF053"]}]},{"name":"Natural Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021MF070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MF070"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article shows an all-dielectric metasurface consisting of \u201cH\u201d-shaped silicon disks with tilted splitting gaps, which can detect the temperature and refractive index (RI). By introducing asymmetry parameters that excite the quasi-BIC, there are three distinct Fano resonances with nearly 100% modulation depth, and the maximal quality factor (Q-factor) is over 104. The predominant roles of different electromagnetic excitations in three distinct modes are demonstrated through near-field analysis and multipole decomposition. A numerical analysis of resonance response based on different refractive indices reveals a RI sensitivity of 262 nm\/RIU and figure of merit (FOM) of 2183 RIU\u22121. This sensor can detect temperature fluctuations with a temperature sensitivity of 59.5 pm\/k. The proposed metasurface provides a novel method to induce powerful TD resonances and offers possibilities for the design of high-performance sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T07:33:20Z","timestamp":1718696000000},"page":"3943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["High-Performance Refractive Index and Temperature Sensing Based on Toroidal Dipole in All-Dielectric Metasurface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Science and Information Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinye","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Science and Information Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng 252000, China"},{"name":"Liaocheng Key Laboratory of Industrial-Internet Research and Application, Liaocheng 252000, China"},{"name":"Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Science and Information Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng 252000, China"},{"name":"Liaocheng Key Laboratory of Industrial-Internet Research and Application, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Science and Information Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangxin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Science and Information Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanchuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7537-7679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifang","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering (ISE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Xingke Metal Materials Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4149-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522302, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.12.045","article-title":"Plasmonic biosensors for bacterial endotoxin detection on biomimetic C-18 supported fiber optic probes","volume":"129","author":"Manoharan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. 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