{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T14:55:12Z","timestamp":1777992912719,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms, prominently featuring the freezing of gait (FOG), which significantly impairs patients\u2019 quality of life. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms underlying FOG remain elusive, posing challenges for effective management and treatment. This paper presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of FOG prediction and detection methodologies, with a focus on the integration of wearable sensor technology and machine learning (ML) approaches. Through an exhaustive review of the literature, this study identifies key trends, datasets, preprocessing techniques, feature extraction methods, evaluation metrics, and comparative analyses between ML and non-ML approaches. The analysis also explores the utilization of cueing devices. The limited adoption of explainable AI (XAI) approaches in FOG prediction research represents a significant gap. Improving user acceptance and comprehension requires an understanding of the logic underlying algorithm predictions. Current FOG detection and prediction research has a number of limitations, which are identified in the discussion. These include issues with cueing devices, dataset constraints, ethical and privacy concerns, financial and accessibility restrictions, and the requirement for multidisciplinary collaboration. Future research avenues center on refining explainability, expanding and diversifying datasets, adhering to user requirements, and increasing detection and prediction accuracy. The findings contribute to advancing the understanding of FOG and offer valuable guidance for the development of more effective detection and prediction methodologies, ultimately benefiting individuals affected by PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T08:06:06Z","timestamp":1718784366000},"page":"3959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Insights into Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Related Freezing of Gait Detection and Prediction Approaches: A Meta Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8186-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hagar","family":"Elbatanouny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasa","family":"Kleanthous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O&P Electronics & Robotics Ltd., Limassol 3100, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayssam","family":"Dahrouj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1487-9728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sundus","family":"Alusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eqab","family":"Almajali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0581-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soliman","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"University of Khorfakkan, Khorfakkan, Sharjah 18119, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abir","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.03.001","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism","volume":"132","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rea, P. (2015). Essential Clinical Anatomy of the Nervous System, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802030-2.00001-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13691","article-title":"The clinical symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"139","author":"Sveinbjornsdottir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e13275","article-title":"Spectrum of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Kumaresan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.2.223","article-title":"An essay on the shaking palsy","volume":"14","author":"Parkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70287-X","article-title":"Prediagnostic presentations of Parkinson\u2019s disease in primary care: A case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Schrag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000183359.50822.f2","article-title":"Progression of motor impairment and disability in Parkinson disease","volume":"65","author":"Alves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53825-3.00009-7","article-title":"Supraspinal control of locomotion: The mesencephalic locomotor region","volume":"188","author":"Juvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00034.2015","article-title":"Neural Control of Walking in People with Parkinsonism","volume":"31","author":"Peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568703","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568703","article-title":"Brain network oscillations during gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095441","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2023.1095441","article-title":"The PPN and motor control: Preclinical studies to deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Chu, H., Zhang, Y., and Wang, X. (2018). Deep Brain Stimulation to Alleviate Freezing of Gait and Cognitive Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Update on Current Research and Future Perspectives. Front. Neurosci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00029"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70143-0","article-title":"Freezing of gait: Moving forward on a mysterious clinical phenomenon","volume":"10","author":"Nutt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8174-4","article-title":"Alterations of functional and structural connectivity of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"263","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safiri, S., Noori, M., Nejadghaderi, S.A., Mousavi, S.E., Sullman, M.J., Araj-Khodaei, M., Singh, K., Kolahi, A.A., and Gharagozli, K. (2023). The burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990\u20132019: Results from the global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15018-x"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023, October 25). World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/parkinson-disease."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341769.50075.bb","article-title":"Incidence and remaining lifetime risk of Parkinson disease in advanced age","volume":"72","author":"Driver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23388","article-title":"Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Clinical characteristics and cognition","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2023, October 25). Statistics\u2014Parkinson.org. Available online: https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/understanding-parkinsons\/statistics."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg068","article-title":"Incidence of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Variation by Age, Gender, and Race\/Ethnicity","volume":"157","author":"Tanner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.03.028","article-title":"Prevalence and associated features of self-reported freezing of gait in Parkinson disease: The DEEP FOG study","volume":"21","author":"Amboni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.753","article-title":"Prevalence, Determinants, and Effect on Quality of Life of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson Disease","volume":"71","author":"Damier","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00611.x","article-title":"Characterization of freezing of gait subtypes and the response of each to levodopa in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Schaafsma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.015","article-title":"The role of mental function in the pathogenesis of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"248","author":"Giladi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S423","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21927","article-title":"Understanding and treating freezing of gait in parkinsonism, proposed working definition, and setting the stage","volume":"23","author":"Giladi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21659","article-title":"Freezing of gait affects quality of life of peoples with Parkinson\u2019s disease beyond its relationships with mobility and gait","volume":"22","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20115","article-title":"Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena","volume":"19","author":"Bloem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(02)01744-2","article-title":"Time series analysis of leg movements during freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Akinesia, rhyme or reason?","volume":"321","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweeney, D., Quinlan, L.R., Browne, P., Richardson, M., Meskell, P., and \u00d3Laighin, G. (2019). A technological review of wearable cueing devices addressing freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061277"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00041-1","article-title":"Freezing of gait: A practical approach to management","volume":"14","author":"Nonnekes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2013-000743","article-title":"Practical approach to freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Okuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31823c7507","article-title":"The effects of visual and auditory cues on freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borz\u00ec, L., Mazzetta, I., Zampogna, A., Suppa, A., Olmo, G., and Irrera, F. (2021). Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Wearables and Machine Learning. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020614"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferster, M.L., Mazilu, S., and Tr\u00f6ster, G. (2015). Gait parameters change prior to freezing in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A data-driven study with wearable inertial units. EAI Endorsed Trans. Ambient Syst.","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.28-9-2015.2261411"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2701431","article-title":"A wearable assistant for gait training for Parkinson\u2019s disease with freezing of gait in out-of-the-lab environments","volume":"5","author":"Mazilu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. (TIIS)"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.08.002","article-title":"Cueing for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease with freezing of gait: A narrative review of the state-of-the-art and novel perspectives","volume":"61","author":"Ginis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.11.006","article-title":"Effect of three cueing devices for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease with gait initiation difficulties","volume":"44","author":"McCandless","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S475","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21978","article-title":"Cueing for freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A rehabilitation perspective","volume":"23","author":"Nieuwboer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2036165","article-title":"Wearable Assistant for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients with the Freezing of Gait Symptom","volume":"14","author":"Plotnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Biomed. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832463","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.832463","article-title":"A Public Data Set of Videos, Inertial Measurement Unit, and Clinical Scales of Freezing of Gait in Individuals with Parkinson\u2019s Disease During a Turning-In-Place Task","volume":"16","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2465134","article-title":"Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s From Physiological Wearables: An Exploratory Study","volume":"19","author":"Mazilu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazilu, S., Blanke, U., Roggen, D., Tr\u00f6ster, G., Gazit, E., and Hausdorff, J.M. (2013, January 7). Engineers meet clinicians: Augmenting Parkinson\u2019s disease patients to gather information for gait rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 4th Augmented Human International Conference, New York, NY, USA. AH \u201913.","DOI":"10.1145\/2459236.2459257"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01713-8","article-title":"Multimodal Data for the Detection of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Multimodal dataset of freezing of gait in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mendeley Data"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn, D., Sam\u00e0, A., P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, C., Catal\u00e0, A., Moreno Arostegui, J.M., Cabestany, J., Bay\u00e9s, \u00c0., Alcaine, S., Mestre, B., and Prats, A. (2017). Home detection of freezing of gait using support vector machines through a single waist-worn triaxial accelerometer. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171764"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-019-00086-x","article-title":"Home monitoring of motor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"5","author":"Varrecchia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Reliab. Intell. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borz\u00ec, L., Olmo, G., Artusi, C.A., Fabbri, M., Rizzone, M.G., Romagnolo, A., Zibetti, M., and Lopiano, L. (2020). A new index to assess turning quality and postural stability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.102059"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8552-6","article-title":"External input for gait in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without freezing of gait: One size does not fit all","volume":"264","author":"Ginis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3414\/ME09-02-0003","article-title":"A wearable system to assist walking of Parkinson s disease patients","volume":"49","author":"Plotnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077871","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1077871","article-title":"Effects of wearable visual cueing on gait pattern and stability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379243","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1379243","article-title":"Gait-modifying effects of augmented-reality cueing in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Hoogendoorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vit\u00f3rio, R., Morris, R., Das, J., Walker, R., Mancini, M., and Stuart, S. (2022). Brain activity response to cues during gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A study protocol. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275894"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, D., Wu, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Chen, C., Li, L., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., Li, J., and Guo, Y. (2024). Episode-level prediction of freezing of gait based on wearable inertial signals using a deep neural network model. Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105613"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Sun, H., Zhang, B., Xu, Y., and Ye, Q. (2024). Prediction of freezing of gait based on self-supervised pretraining via contrastive learning. Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 89.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105765"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosla, A., Kumar, N., and Khera, P. (2024). Machine learning approach for predicting state transitions via shank acceleration data during freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 92.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106053"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Ye, Q., and Xia, Y. (2024). Predicting freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease by combination of Manually-Selected and deep learning features. Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105639"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01320-1","article-title":"Freezing of gait assessment with inertial measurement units and deep learning: Effect of tasks, medication states, and stops","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Cohen, S., and Rokach, L. (2024). BagStacking: An Integrated Ensemble Learning Approach for Freezing of Gait Detection in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimoudis, D., Tsolakis, N., Magga-Nteve, C., Meditskos, G., Vrochidis, S., and Kompatsiaris, I. (2023). InSEption: A robust mechanism for predicting FoG episodes in PD patients. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12092088"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, S., Chen, Z., Chen, S., and Zhao, J. (2023, January 24\u201326). Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Time-Series Data from Wearable Sensors. Proceedings of the 2023 42nd Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/CCC58697.2023.10241134"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, W.T., and Chan, J.H. (2023, January 6\u20139). Freezing of Gait Prediction Using Deep Learning. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Advances in Information Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. IAIT \u201923.","DOI":"10.1145\/3628454.3631565"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Howard, A., Salomon, A., Gazit, E., L-Jevster, H.C., Hausdorff, J., Kirsch, L., Ginis, P., Holbrook, R., and Karim, Y.F. (2024, March 03). Parkinson\u2019s Freezing of Gait Prediction. Available online: https:\/\/kaggle.com\/competitions\/tlvmc-parkinsons-freezing-gait-prediction."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16168","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3284656","article-title":"A Multimodal Model-Fusion Approach for Improved Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"23","author":"Bajpai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2022.102459","article-title":"Real-time detection of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease using multi-head convolutional neural networks and a single inertial sensor","volume":"135","author":"Sigcha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, K., Chen, Z., Ling, Y., and Zhao, J. (2022). Recognition of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease based on combined wearable sensors. BMC Neurol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02732-z"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831063","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.831063","article-title":"Prediction of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease using unilateral and bilateral plantar-pressure data","volume":"13","author":"Pardoel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardoel, S., Shalin, G., Nantel, J., Lemaire, E.D., and Kofman, J. (2021). Early detection of freezing of gait during walking using inertial measurement unit and plantar pressure distribution data. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062246"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Huang, D., Zhang, W., Wang, L., Li, Y., Olmo, G., Wang, Q., Meng, F., and Chan, P. (2022). High-accuracy wearable detection of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease based on pseudo-multimodal features. Comput. Biol. Med., 146.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105629"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3140258","article-title":"Detection of Freezing of Gait Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Data From Lower Limb Motion Sensors","volume":"69","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-00992-x","article-title":"Assessing inertial measurement unit locations for freezing of gait detection and patient preference","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2021.3103071","article-title":"Towards Real-Time Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Novel Deep One-Class Classifier","volume":"26","author":"Naghavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11612","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2932584","article-title":"A Smart Inertial System for 24h Monitoring and Classification of Tremor and Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Pierleoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesin, L., Porcu, P., Russu, D., Farina, G., Borz\u00ec, L., Zhang, W., Guo, Y., and Olmo, G. (2022). A multi-modal analysis of the freezing of gait phenomenon in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072613"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prado, A., Kwei, K., Vanegas-Arroyave, N., and Agrawal, S.K. (December, January 29). Identification of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Patients Using Instrumented Shoes and Artificial Neural Networks. Proceedings of the 2020 8th IEEE RAS\/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioRob49111.2020.9224357"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3090153","article-title":"Predicting State Transition in Freezing of Gait via Acceleration Measurements for Controlled Cueing in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"70","author":"Halder","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filtjens, B., Ginis, P., Nieuwboer, A., Afzal, M.R., Spildooren, J., Vanrumste, B., and Slaets, P. (2021). Modelling and identification of characteristic kinematic features preceding freezing of gait with convolutional neural networks and layer-wise relevance propagation. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01699-0"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23327","article-title":"Freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The impact of dual-tasking and turning","volume":"25","author":"Spildooren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00958-5","article-title":"Prediction and detection of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease from plantar pressure data using long short-term memory neural-networks","volume":"18","author":"Shalin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138120","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3117543","article-title":"Impact of Data Preparation in Freezing of Gait Detection Using Feature-Less Recurrent Neural Network","volume":"9","author":"Esfahani","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bikias, T., Iakovakis, D., Hadjidimitriou, S., Charisis, V., and Hadjileontiadis, L.J. (2021). DeepFoG: An IMU-Based Detection of Freezing of Gait Episodes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients via Deep Learning. Front. Robot. AI, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.537384"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basaklar, T., Tuncel, Y., and Ogras, U.Y. (2021, January 7\u20139). Subject-Independent Freezing of Gait (FoG) Prediction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS49922.2021.9644972"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00406","article-title":"L-DOPA and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Objective assessment through a wearable wireless system","volume":"8","author":"Suppa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100068","article-title":"IoT-based freezing of gait detection using grey relational analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Yao, Z., Wang, J., Wang, S., Yang, X., and Sun, Y. (2020). Improved deep learning technique to detect freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease based on wearable sensors. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9111919"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2969649","article-title":"Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease by Identifying Impaired Gait Patterns","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2952618","article-title":"Toward a Wearable System for Predicting Freezing of Gait in People Affected by Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Demrozi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Day, J.J., Kehnemouyi, Y.M., Petrucci, M.N., Anderson, R.W., Herron, J.A., and Bronte-Stewart, H.M. (2020, January 20\u201324). Demonstration of Kinematic-Based Closed-loop Deep Brain Stimulation for Mitigating Freezing of Gait in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Proceedings of the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176638"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, B., Yen, S.C., Tay, A., Tan, D.M., Chia, N.S.Y., and Au, W. (2020, January 20\u201324). Convolutional Neural Network for Freezing of Gait Detection Leveraging the Continuous Wavelet Transform on Lower Extremities Wearable Sensors Data. Proceedings of the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175687"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.09.011","article-title":"A new machine learning based approach to predict Freezing of Gait","volume":"140","author":"Kleanthous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reches, T., Dagan, M., Herman, T., Gazit, E., Gouskova, N.A., Giladi, N., Manor, B., and Hausdorff, J.M. (2020). Using wearable sensors and machine learning to automatically detect freezing of gait during a FOG-provoking test. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164474"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigcha, L., Costa, N., Pav\u00f3n, I., Costa, S., Arezes, P., L\u00f3pez, J.M., and De Arcas, G. (2020). Deep learning approaches for detecting freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients through on-body acceleration sensors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071895"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"San-Segundo, R., Torres-S\u00e1nchez, R., Hodgins, J., and De la Torre, F. (2019). Increasing robustness in the detection of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8020119"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2910165","article-title":"Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Statistical Inference and Lower\u2013Limb Acceleration Data","volume":"27","author":"Naghavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzetta, I., Zampogna, A., Suppa, A., Gumiero, A., Pessione, M., and Irrera, F. (2019). Wearable sensors system for an improved analysis of Freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease using electromyography and inertial signals. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040948"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2938301","article-title":"The Detection of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Asymmetric Basis Function TV-ARMA Time\u2013Frequency Spectral Estimation Method","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naghavi, N., Miller, A., and Wade, E. (2019). Towards real-time prediction of freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Addressing the class imbalance problem. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183898"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2933626","article-title":"Prediction of Gait Freezing in Parkinsonian Patients: A Binary Classification Augmented with Time Series Prediction","volume":"27","author":"Arami","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2914253","article-title":"A Wearable, Patient-Adaptive Freezing of Gait Detection System for Biofeedback Cueing in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Mikos","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orphanidou, N.K., Hussain, A., Keight, R., Lishoa, P., Hind, J., and Al-Askar, H. (2018, January 8\u201313). Predicting Freezing of Gait in Parkinsons Disease Patients Using Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2018.8477909"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"124","article-title":"Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using EEG Signals","volume":"246","author":"Handojoseno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aich, S., Pradhan, P.M., Park, J., Sethi, N., Vathsa, V.S.S., and Kim, H.C. (2018). A validation study of freezing of gait (FoG) detection and machine-learning-based FoG prediction using estimated gait characteristics with a wearable accelerometer. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103287"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.10.017","article-title":"Deep learning for freezing of gait detection in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients in their homes using a waist-worn inertial measurement unit","volume":"139","author":"Camps","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2017.05.009","article-title":"Determining the optimal features in freezing of gait detection through a single waist accelerometer in home environments","volume":"105","author":"Alcaine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2655344","article-title":"Smart gait-aid glasses for Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"64","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, T.T., Nguyen, D.N., Dutkiewicz, E., McEwan, A.L., and Leong, P.H. (2017, January 21\u201325). Wearable healthcare systems: A single channel accelerometer based anomaly detector for studies of gait freezing in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7997415"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmerini, L., Rocchi, L., Mazilu, S., Gazit, E., Hausdorff, J.M., and Chiari, L. (2017). Identification of Characteristic Motor Patterns Preceding Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Wearable Sensors. Front. Neurol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00394"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2665438","article-title":"Freezing of Gait Detection in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Subject-Independent Detector Using Anomaly Scores","volume":"64","author":"Pham","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ly, Q.T., Handojoseno, A.A., Gilat, M., Chai, R., Ehgoetz Martens, K.A., Georgiades, M., Naik, G.R., Tran, Y., Lewis, S.J., and Nguyen, H.T. (2017, January 11\u201315). Detection of turning freeze in Parkinson\u2019s disease based on S-transform decomposition of EEG signals. Proceedings of the 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Jeju, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037499"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn, D., P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, C., Sam\u00e0, A., Catal\u00e0, A., Moreno Arostegui, J.M., Cabestany, J., Mestre, B., Alcaine, S., Prats, A., and Cruz Crespo, M.d.l. (2017). A waist-worn inertial measurement unit for long-term monitoring of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040827"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2659780","article-title":"Reliable and Robust Detection of Freezing of Gait Episodes with Wearable Electronic Devices","volume":"17","author":"Kita","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zia, J., Tadayon, A., McDaniel, T., and Panchanathan, S. (2016, January 23\u201326). Utilizing Neural Networks to Predict Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Patients. Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibilit, Reno, NV, USA. ASSETS \u201916.","DOI":"10.1145\/2982142.2982194"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazilu, S., Blanke, U., Calatroni, A., Gazit, E., Hausdorff, J., and Tr\u00f6ster, G. (2016). The role of wrist-mounted inertial sensors in detecting gait freeze episodes in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Pervasive Mob. Comput., 33.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2015.12.007"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezvanian, S., and Lockhart, T.E. (2016). Towards real-time detection of freezing of gait using wavelet transform on wireless accelerometer data. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040475"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.08.018","article-title":"A smartphone-based architecture to detect and quantify freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"50","author":"Capecci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.051","article-title":"Identifying freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease during freezing provoking tasks using waist-mounted accelerometry","volume":"21","author":"Zach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Kim, H., Lee, H.J., Lee, W., Kwon, S., Kim, S.K., Jeon, H.S., Park, H., Shin, C.W., Yi, W.J., and Jeon, B.S. (2015, January 25\u201329). Unconstrained detection of freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients using smartphone. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6819","DOI":"10.3390\/s140406819","article-title":"Detection of freezing of gait in Parkinson disease: Preliminary results","volume":"14","author":"Coste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"1709","article-title":"A practical method for the detection of freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"606427","article-title":"Temporal characteristics of high-frequency lower-limb oscillation during freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2014","author":"Yungher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.10.016","article-title":"Automatic detection of freezing of gait events in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"110","author":"Tripoliti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-19","article-title":"Autonomous identification of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease from lower-body segmental accelerometry","volume":"10","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazilu, S., Hardegger, M., Zhu, Z., Roggen, D., Tr\u00f6ster, G., Plotnik, M., and Hausdorff, J.M. (2012, January 21\u201324). Online detection of freezing of gait with smartphones and machine learning techniques. Proceedings of the 2012 6th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.pervasivehealth.2012.248680"},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Tsipouras, M.G., Tzallas, A.T., Tripoliti, E., Rigas, G., Bougia, P., Fotiadis, D.I., Tsouli, S., and Konitsiotis, S. (2010, January 18\u201320). On assessing motor disorders in parkinson\u2019s disease. Proceedings of the Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare: Second International ICST Conference, MobiHealth 2010, Ayia Napa, Cyprus. Revised Selected Papers 1."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, B.T., Roy, S.H., and Nawab, S.H. (September, January 30). Detecting freezing-of-gait during unscripted and unconstrained activity. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091367"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias, P., and Cudeiro, J. (2010). Effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait in Parkinsonian patients with and without freezing of gait. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009675"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"115","article-title":"A double closed loop to enhance the quality of life of Parkinson\u2019s Disease patients: REMPARK system","volume":"207","author":"Rovira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Innov. Med. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8115-2","article-title":"Feasibility of external rhythmic cueing with the Google Glass for improving gait in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"263","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2021.100817","article-title":"Protocol for the DeFOG trial: A randomized controlled trial on the effects of smartphone-based, on-demand cueing for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Zoetewei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2009.10.0165","article-title":"At-home training with closed-loop augmented-reality cueing device for improving gait in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"47","author":"Espay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2010.495815","article-title":"A pilot study: Influence of visual cue color on freezing of gait in persons with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Bryant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.08.010","article-title":"Laserlight cues for gait freezing in Parkinson\u2019s disease: An open-label study","volume":"17","author":"Donovan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2012.01.006","article-title":"A low-cost intervention for improving gait in Parknson\u2019s disease patients: A cane providing visual cues","volume":"3","author":"Buated","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"16802","article-title":"Rhythmic laser cue is beneficial for improving gait performance and reducing freezing of turning in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with freezing of gait","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004795","article-title":"The laser shoes: A new ambulatory device to alleviate freezing of gait in Parkinson disease","volume":"90","author":"Barthel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628388","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.628388","article-title":"Holocue: A wearable holographic cueing application for alleviating freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Geerse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4684925","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4684925","article-title":"Sensory electrical stimulation cueing may reduce freezing of gait episodes in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2018","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-1087-2","article-title":"Finding parameters around the abdomen for a vibrotactile system: Healthy and patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31156-4","article-title":"Assessment of the ability of open-and closed-loop cueing to improve turning and freezing in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02731-8","article-title":"Soft robotic apparel to avert freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11663-9","article-title":"Good vibrations: Tactile cueing for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"270","author":"Klaver","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashfaque Mostafa, T., Soltaninejad, S., McIsaac, T.L., and Cheng, I. (2021). A Comparative Study of Time Frequency Representation Techniques for Freeze of Gait Detection and Prediction. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0347.v1"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singaravelu, M., Mubibya, G.S., and Almhana, J. (June, January 28). Improving Freezing of Gait Detection and Prediction Using ML and Transformers. Proceedings of the ICC 2023\u2014IEEE International Conference on Communications, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45041.2023.10279746"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i11","article-title":"Feature selection with the Boruta package","volume":"36","author":"Kursa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8154","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2021.3112821","article-title":"How to reduce dimension with PCA and random projections?","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.159","article-title":"Feature selection based on mutual information criteria of max-dependency, max-relevance, and min-redundancy","volume":"27","author":"Peng","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/13\/4\/709","article-title":"Nonlinear System Identification","volume":"13","author":"Nelles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27418","DOI":"10.2196\/27418","article-title":"The views and needs of people with Parkinson disease regarding wearable devices for disease monitoring: Mixed methods exploration","volume":"6","author":"Kenny","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form. Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/12\/3959\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:00:49Z","timestamp":1760108449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/12\/3959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s24123959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24123959","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]}}}