{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:11:45Z","timestamp":1760145105794,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INAF"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters are advanced cryogenic detectors that use a superconducting film for particle or photon detection. We are establishing a new production line for TES detectors to serve as cryogenic anticoincidence (i.e., veto) devices. These detectors are made with a superconducting bilayer of titanium (Ti) and gold (Au) thin films deposited via electron beam evaporation in a high vacuum condition on a monocrystalline silicon substrate. In this work, we report on the development of such sensors, aiming to achieve stable sensing performance despite the effects of aging. For this purpose, patterned and non-patterned Ti\/Au bilayer samples with varying geometries and thicknesses were fabricated using microfabrication technology. To characterize the detectors, we present and discuss initial results from repeated resistance\u2013temperature (R\u2013T) measurements over time, conducted on different samples, thereby augmenting existing literature data. Additionally, we present a discussion of the sensor\u2019s degradation over time due to aging effects and test a potential remedy based on an easy annealing procedure. In our opinion, this work establishes the groundwork for our new TES detector production line.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T05:27:19Z","timestamp":1718861239000},"page":"3995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the Aging Effect on Ti\/Au Bilayers for Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) Detectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0148-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gambelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"D\u2019Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2898-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Asquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Via Eudossiana 18, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8071-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Buzzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Via Eudossiana 18, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7887-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Macculi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2298-304X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Torrioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1025-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cibella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gottardi, L., and Nagayashi, K. (2021). A Review of X-ray Microcalorimeters Based on Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors for Astrophysics and Particle Physics. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11093793"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10909-023-03034-5","article-title":"Volpe, The TES-based Cryogenic AntiCoincidence Detector (CryoAC) of ATHENA X-IFU: A Large Area Silicon Microcalorimeter for Background Particles Detection. A. Review of the Particle Background of Athena X-IFU Instrument","volume":"214","author":"Lotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Low Temp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/abd94c","article-title":"Review of the Particle Background of Athena X-IFU Instrument","volume":"909","author":"Lotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enss, C. (2005). Transition-Edge Sensors. Cryogenic Particle Detection, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b12169"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(99)01320-0","article-title":"Calculation of TC in a normal-superconductor-bilayer using the microscopic-based Usadel theory","volume":"444","author":"Martinis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633785","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JATIS.9.4.041005","article-title":"Development of the microcalorimeter and anticoincidence detector for the Line Emission Mapper X-ray probe","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041005-2","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2016.2633785","article-title":"Electron-Beam Deposition of Superconducting Molybdenum Thin Films for the Development of Mo\/Au TES X-ray Microcalorimeter","volume":"27","author":"Finkbeiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300405","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2012.2236140","article-title":"Characterization of a Mo\/Au Thermometer for ATHENA","volume":"23","author":"Fabrega","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2009.2019052","article-title":"Mo-Based Proximity Bilayers for TES: Microstructure and Properties","volume":"19","author":"Fabrega","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10909-019-02282-8","article-title":"Development of a Ti\/Au TES Microcalorimeter Array as a Backup Sensor for the Athena\/X-IFU Instrument","volume":"199","author":"Nagayoshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Low Temp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2021.3069903","article-title":"Ti\/Au Ultrathin Films For TES Application","volume":"31","author":"Monticone","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari Barusso, L., Celasco, E., Gallucci, G., Grosso, D., Repetto, L., Rigano, M., D\u2019Andrea, M., Macculi, C., Torrioli, G., and Gatti, F. (2024). Current-Dependent Resistance in TES Wiring Superimposed Nb Striplines. J. Low Temp. Phys.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10909-024-03068-3"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032010-1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.104.032010","article-title":"Design and characterization of a phonon-mediated cryogenic particle detector with an eV-scale threshold and 100 keV-scale dynamic range","volume":"104","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100105","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2022.3215894","article-title":"Development of a TES for Antenna-Coupled Bolometer for Cosmic Microwave Background Detection","volume":"33","author":"Celasco","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s10909-023-03017-6","article-title":"Tuning of Critical Temperature and Aging Effect of Ti Films For Superconducting Transition-Edge Sensors","volume":"214","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Low Temp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s10909-014-1158-9","article-title":"Diffusion Behaviour in Superconducting Ti\/Au bilayers for SAFARI TES Detectors","volume":"176","author":"Khosropanah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Low Temp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101205","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2021.3065632","article-title":"Evidence for Controllable Reduction of Critical Temperature in Titanium TESs by Baking in Air","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4526(99)03046-X","article-title":"Transition-edge microcalorimeters for X-ray space applications","volume":"284\u2013288","author":"Luukanen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102005","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2023.3263133","article-title":"Investigation of Superconducting Ti\/Ti-Au\/Au Tri-Layer Films With a Co-Sputtering Process for Transition-Edge Sensors","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigation of the Superconducting Ti\/PdAu Bilayer Films for Transition Edge Sensors","volume":"32","author":"Xiaolong","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kay, D. (2024, May 08). Using Titanium \u201cGetters\u201d in Vacuum Brazing, Kay and Associates Brazing Consultants. Available online: https:\/\/kaybrazing.com\/brazing-articles\/1000908-using-titanium-getters-in-vacuum-brazing\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10909-023-03038-1","article-title":"Thermalization of a SQUID Chip at Cryogenic Temperature: Thermal Conductance Measurement for GE 7031 Varnish Glue, Apiezon N Grease and Rubber Cement Between 20 and 200 mK","volume":"214","author":"Torrioli","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Low Temp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100405","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2019.2903994","article-title":"Exploring the Proximity Effect in Mo\/Au Bilayers","volume":"29","author":"Fabrega","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2101405","article-title":"Long Term Performance Stability of Transition-Edge Sensor Detectors","volume":"33","author":"Beaumont","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37374","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b10136","article-title":"Influence of Ti and Cr Adhesion Layers on Ultrathin Au Films","volume":"9","author":"Todeschini","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/12\/3995\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:01:32Z","timestamp":1760108492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/12\/3995"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s24123995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24123995","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}}}