{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:52:46Z","timestamp":1781016766112,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Agency of Research and Development of Chile, ANID-Subdirecci\u00f3n de Capital Humano\/Mag\u00edster Nacional","award":["2022\u201422220337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u201422220337"]}]},{"name":"National Agency of Research and Development of Chile, ANID-Subdirecci\u00f3n de Capital Humano\/Mag\u00edster Nacional","award":["1523A0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1523A0006"]}]},{"name":"National Agency of Research and Development of Chile, ANID-Subdirecci\u00f3n de Capital Humano\/Mag\u00edster Nacional","award":["2260136 IF\/R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2260136 IF\/R"]}]},{"name":"National Agency of Research and Development of Chile, ANID-Subdirecci\u00f3n de Capital Humano\/Mag\u00edster Nacional","award":["2160180 GI\/EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2160180 GI\/EF"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/FONDAP","award":["2022\u201422220337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u201422220337"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/FONDAP","award":["1523A0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1523A0006"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/FONDAP","award":["2260136 IF\/R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2260136 IF\/R"]}]},{"name":"ANID\/FONDAP","award":["2160180 GI\/EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2160180 GI\/EF"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, DICREA","award":["2022\u201422220337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u201422220337"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, DICREA","award":["1523A0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1523A0006"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, DICREA","award":["2260136 IF\/R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2260136 IF\/R"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, DICREA","award":["2160180 GI\/EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2160180 GI\/EF"]}]},{"name":"Group of Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency from the Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo","award":["2022\u201422220337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u201422220337"]}]},{"name":"Group of Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency from the Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo","award":["1523A0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1523A0006"]}]},{"name":"Group of Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency from the Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo","award":["2260136 IF\/R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2260136 IF\/R"]}]},{"name":"Group of Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency from the Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo","award":["2160180 GI\/EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2160180 GI\/EF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing participation of photovoltaic sources in power grids presents the challenge of enhancing power quality, which is affected by the intrinsic characteristics of these sources, such as variability and lack of inertia. This power quality degradation mainly generates variations in both voltage magnitude and frequency, which are more pronounced in microgrids. In fact, the magnitude problem is particularly present in the distribution systems, where photovoltaic sources are spread along the grid. Due to the power converter\u2019s lack of inertia, frequency problems can be seen throughout the network. Grid-forming control strategies in photovoltaic systems have been proposed to address these problems, although most proposed solutions involve either a direct voltage source or energy storage systems, thereby increasing costs. In this paper, a photovoltaic injection system is designed with a virtual synchronous machine control strategy to provide voltage and frequency support to the grid. The maximum power point tracking algorithm is adapted to provide the direct voltage reference and inject active power according to the droop frequency control. The control strategy is validated through simulations and key experimental setup tests. The results demonstrate that it is possible to inject photovoltaic power and provide voltage and frequency support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T05:33:28Z","timestamp":1718948008000},"page":"4039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Photovoltaic Power Injection Control Based on a Virtual Synchronous Machine Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Albornoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Rohten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6648-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0386-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sbarbaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yandi","family":"Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.06.052","article-title":"Photovoltaics and wind status in the European Union after the Paris Agreement","volume":"81","author":"Arantegui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. 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