{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:12:20Z","timestamp":1760145140196,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Grid of Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd.","award":["J2022085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2022085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As large-scale, high-proportion, and efficient distribution transformers surge into the grids, anti-short circuit capability testing of transformer windings in efficient distribution seems necessary and prominent. To deeply explore the influence of progressively short-circuit shock impulses on the core winding deformation of efficient power transformers, a finite element theoretical model was built by referring to a three-phase three-winding 3D wound core transformer with a model of S20-MRL-400\/10-NX2. The distributions of internal equivalent force and total deformation of the 3D wound core transformer along different paths under progressively short-circuit shock impulses varying from 60% to 120% were investigated. Results show that the equivalent stress and total deformation change rate reach their maximum as the short-circuit current increases from 60% to 80%, and the maximum and average variation rate for the equivalent stress reach 177.75% and 177.43%, while the maximum and average variation rate for the total deformation corresponds to 178.30% and 177.45%, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum equivalent stress and maximum total deformation reach 29.81 MPa and 38.70 \u03bcm, respectively, as the applied short-circuit current increased to 120%. In light of the above observations, the optimization and deployment of wireless sensor nodes was suggested. Therefore, a distributed monitoring system was developed for acquiring the vibration status of the windings in a 3D wound core transformer, which is a beneficial supplement to the traditional short-circuit reactance detection methods for an efficient grid access spot-check of distribution transformers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T12:27:33Z","timestamp":1718972853000},"page":"4062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distributed Vibration Monitoring System for 10 kV-400 kVA 3D Wound Core Transformer under Progressive Short-Circuit Impulses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jiagui","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power Academy of Sciences, State Grid of Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sicong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power Academy of Sciences, State Grid of Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianzhuo","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power Academy of Sciences, State Grid of Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power Academy of Sciences, State Grid of Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power Academy of Sciences, State Grid of Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Calculation of distribution loss under three-phase unbalance based on current phase estimation","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. 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