{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:09:41Z","timestamp":1784542181946,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["20210201113GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201113GX"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["20210201051GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201051GX"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["20240302054GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240302054GX"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["20210203161SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210203161SF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main limitation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) lies in their reliance on battery power. Therefore, the primary focus of the current research is to determine how to transmit data in a rational and efficient way while simultaneously extending the network\u2019s lifespan. In this paper, a hybrid of a fuzzy logic system and a quantum annealing algorithm-based clustering and routing protocol (FQA) is proposed to improve the stability of the network and minimize energy consumption. The protocol uses a fuzzy inference system (FIS) to select appropriate cluster heads (CHs). In the routing phase, we used the quantum annealing algorithm to select the optimal route from the CHs and the base station (BS). Furthermore, we defined an energy threshold to filter candidate CHs in order to save computation time. Unlike with periodic clustering, we adopted an on-demand re-clustering mechanism to perform global maintenance of the network, thereby effectively reducing the computation and overhead. The FQA was compared with FRNSEER, BOA-ACO, OAFS-IMFO, and FC-RBAT in different scenarios from the perspective of energy consumption, alive nodes, network lifetime, and throughput. According to the simulation results, the FQA outperformed all the other methods in all scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T13:06:40Z","timestamp":1719234400000},"page":"4105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Energy-Efficient, Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Logic and Quantum Annealing Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hongzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuhang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huangshui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7719","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2839562","article-title":"Low-latency and energy-balanced data transmission over cognitive small world WSN","volume":"67","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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