{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:42:40Z","timestamp":1783521760550,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture has significantly transformed rural farming. However, the adoption of these technologies has also introduced privacy and security concerns, particularly unauthorized breaches and cyber-attacks on data collected from IoT devices and sensitive information. The present study addresses these concerns by developing a comprehensive framework that provides practical, privacy-centric AI and IoT solutions for monitoring smart rural farms. This is performed by designing a framework that includes a three-phase protocol that secures data exchange between the User, the IoT Sensor Layer, and the Central Server. In the proposed protocol, the Central Server is responsible for establishing a secure communication channel by verifying the legitimacy of the IoT Sensor devices and the User and securing the data using rigorous cryptographic techniques. The proposed protocol is also validated using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool. The formal security analysis confirms the robustness of the protocol and its suitability for real-time applications in AI and IoT-enabled smart rural farms, demonstrating resistance against various attacks and enhanced performance metrics, including a computation time of 0.04 s for 11 messages and a detailed search where 119 nodes were visited at a depth of 12 plies in a mere search time of 0.28 s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T09:29:33Z","timestamp":1719394173000},"page":"4157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Privacy-Centric AI and IoT Solutions for Smart Rural Farm Monitoring and Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0521-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mosiur","family":"Rahaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for AI and Cyber Security Research and Innovations (CCRI), Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6728-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Princy","family":"Pappachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Development of Language Teaching and Research, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brij B.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for AI and Cyber Security Research and Innovations (CCRI), Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"},{"name":"Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology (SCIT), Symbiosis International University, Pune 412115, India"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Hsien","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, School of Mathematics and Big Data, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 327, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11583","article-title":"A review on urban agriculture: Technology, socio-economy, and policy","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"150","article-title":"Enhancing smart farming through the applications of Agriculture 4.0 technologies","volume":"3","author":"Javaid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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