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Since they offer complementary strengths and their simultaneous recording is relatively easy, combining them is highly desirable. However, to date, very few infant studies have been conducted with NIRS-EEG, partly because analyzing and interpreting multimodal data is challenging. In this work, we propose a framework to carry out a multivariate pattern analysis that uses an NIRS-EEG feature matrix, obtained by selecting EEG trials presented within larger NIRS blocks, and combining the corresponding features. Importantly, this classifier is intended to be sensitive enough to apply to individual-level, and not group-level data. We tested the classifier on NIRS-EEG data acquired from five newborn infants who were listening to human speech and monkey vocalizations. We evaluated how accurately the model classified stimuli when applied to EEG data alone, NIRS data alone, or combined NIRS-EEG data. For three out of five infants, the classifier achieved high and statistically significant accuracy when using features from the NIRS data alone, but even higher accuracy when using combined EEG and NIRS data, particularly from both hemoglobin components. For the other two infants, accuracies were lower overall, but for one of them the highest accuracy was still achieved when using combined EEG and NIRS data with both hemoglobin components. We discuss how classification based on joint NIRS-EEG data could be modified to fit the needs of different experimental paradigms and needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1719404311000},"page":"4161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Within-Subject Multimodal NIRS-EEG Classifier for Infant Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7722-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Gemignani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2125-6369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit","family":"Gervain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center, 35131 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 & CNRS, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.004","article-title":"A Review on Continuous Wave Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Instrumentation and Methodology","volume":"85","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.07.041","article-title":"Exploring Early Human Brain Development with Structural and Physiological Neuroimaging","volume":"187","author":"Vasung","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.03.010","article-title":"Usefulness of Simultaneous EEG-NIRS Recording in Language Studies","volume":"121","author":"Wallois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.001506","article-title":"Improving the Diffuse Optical Imaging Spatial Resolution of the Cerebral Hemodynamic Response to Brain Activation in Humans","volume":"29","author":"Boas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. 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