{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T21:28:58Z","timestamp":1782768538503,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62272090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72293583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72293580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242102211073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102211073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242102110363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31111113200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31111113200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PBD2023-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBD2023-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021BSJJ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSJJ033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation and Cutting-Edge Technologies Research Program of Henan Province (CN)","award":["62272090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272090"]}]},{"name":"Foundation and Cutting-Edge Technologies Research Program of Henan Province (CN)","award":["72293583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293583"]}]},{"name":"Foundation and Cutting-Edge Technologies Research Program of Henan Province (CN)","award":["72293580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293580"]}]},{"name":"Foundation and Cutting-Edge Technologies Research Program of Henan Province (CN)","award":["242102211073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102211073"]}]},{"name":"Foundation and Cutting-Edge Technologies Research Program of Henan Province (CN)","award":["242102110363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110363"]}]},{"name":"Foundation and Cutting-Edge Technologies Research Program of Henan Province (CN)","award":["31111113200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31111113200"]}]},{"name":"Foundation and Cutting-Edge Technologies Research Program of Henan Province (CN)","award":["PBD2023-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBD2023-25"]}]},{"name":"Foundation and Cutting-Edge Technologies Research Program of Henan Province (CN)","award":["2021BSJJ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSJJ033"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["62272090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272090"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["72293583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293583"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["72293580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293580"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["242102211073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102211073"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["242102110363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110363"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["31111113200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31111113200"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["PBD2023-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBD2023-25"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province","award":["2021BSJJ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSJJ033"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["62272090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272090"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["72293583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293583"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["72293580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293580"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["242102211073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102211073"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["242102110363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110363"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["31111113200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31111113200"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["PBD2023-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBD2023-25"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["2021BSJJ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSJJ033"]}]},{"name":"Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","award":["62272090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272090"]}]},{"name":"Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","award":["72293583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293583"]}]},{"name":"Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","award":["72293580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72293580"]}]},{"name":"Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","award":["242102211073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102211073"]}]},{"name":"Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","award":["242102110363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110363"]}]},{"name":"Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","award":["31111113200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31111113200"]}]},{"name":"Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","award":["PBD2023-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBD2023-25"]}]},{"name":"Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","award":["2021BSJJ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSJJ033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) plays an essential role in people\u2019s daily lives, such as healthcare, home, traffic, industry, and so on. With the increase in IoT devices, there emerge many security issues of data loss, privacy leakage, and information temper in IoT network applications. Even with the development of quantum computing, most current information systems are weak to quantum attacks with traditional cryptographic algorithms. This paper first establishes a general security model for these IoT network applications, which comprises the blockchain and a post-quantum secure identity-based signature (PQ-IDS) scheme. This model divides these IoT networks into three layers: perceptual, network, and application, which can protect data security and user privacy in the whole data-sharing process. The proposed PQ-IDS scheme is based on lattice cryptography. Bimodal Gaussian distribution and the discrete Gaussian sample algorithm are applied to construct the fundamental difficulty problem of lattice assumption. This assumption can help resist the quantum attack for information exchange among IoT devices. Meanwhile, the signature mechanism with IoT devices\u2019 identity can guarantee non-repudiation of information signatures. Then, the security proof shows that the proposed PQ-IDS can obtain the security properties of unforgeability, non-repudiation, and non-transferability. The efficiency comparisons and performance evaluations show that the proposed PQ-IDS has good efficiency and practice in IoT network applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T11:19:02Z","timestamp":1719487142000},"page":"4188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Post-Quantum Secure Identity-Based Signature Scheme with Lattice Assumption for Internet of Things Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haseeb","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-021-09622-6","article-title":"A review and state of art of Internet of Things (IoT)","volume":"29","author":"Laghari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102494","article-title":"The Internet of things security: A survey encompassing unexplored areas and new insights","volume":"112","author":"Omolara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8707","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3045653","article-title":"Recent advances in the internet-of-medical-things (IoMT) systems security","volume":"8","author":"Ghubaish","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3042421","article-title":"Internet of Things for in-home health monitoring systems: Current advances, challenges and future directions","volume":"39","author":"Philip","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2994972","article-title":"Internet of vehicles: Key technologies, network model, solutions and challenges with future aspects","volume":"22","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3023507","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in securing the industrial Internet of things","volume":"17","author":"Serror","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8076","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2920987","article-title":"Blockchain for Internet of Things: A survey","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervais, A., Karame, G.O., W\u00fcst, K., Glykantzis, V., Ritzdorf, H., and Capkun, S. (2016, January 24). On the security and performance of proof of work blockchains. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhaa075","article-title":"Blockchain without waste: Proof-of-stake","volume":"34","author":"Saleh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Financ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.106.023","article-title":"Report on the development of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)","volume":"106","author":"Nechvatal","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hankerson, D., and Menezes, A. (2021). Elliptic curve cryptography. Encyclopedia of Cryptography, Security and Privacy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27739-9_245-2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1006971","article-title":"An overview of public key cryptography","volume":"40","author":"Hellman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23461","article-title":"Post-quantum cryptography","volume":"549","author":"Bernstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micciancio, D., and Regev, O. (2009). Lattice-based cryptography. Post-Quantum Cryptography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88702-7_5"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Peikert, C. (June, January 31). Public-key cryptosystems from the worst-case shortest vector problem. Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-008-9031-0","article-title":"Learning a parallelepiped: Cryptanalysis of GGH and NTRU signatures","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cryptol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brakerski, Z., Langlois, A., Peikert, C., Regev, O., and Stehl\u00e9, D. (2013, January 1\u20134). Classical hardness of learning with errors. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, Palo Alto, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2488608.2488680"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103685","article-title":"Proactive defense mechanism: Enhancing IoT security through diversity-based moving target defense and cyber deception","volume":"139","author":"Rehman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21467","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3298196","article-title":"A blockchain-based federated learning scheme for data sharing in industrial internet of things","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18452","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3233783","article-title":"A privacy preserving Internet of things smart healthcare financial system","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8448","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3318290","article-title":"An automatic and efficient malware traffic classification method for secure Internet of Things","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2023.3262563","article-title":"Hierarchical and multi-group data sharing for cloud-assisted industrial internet of things","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8658","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3245153","article-title":"Feature engineering and machine learning framework for DDoS attack detection in the standardized Internet of things","volume":"10","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.119330","article-title":"Implementation of intrusion detection model for DDoS attacks in Lightweight IoT Networks","volume":"215","author":"Khanday","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46561","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3273895","article-title":"Privilege escalation attack detection and mitigation in cloud using machine learning","volume":"11","author":"Mehmood","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2022.3232173","article-title":"IdenMultiSig: Identity-based decentralized multi-signature in Internet of things","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.01.001","article-title":"An efficient provably-secure certificateless signature scheme for Internet-of-Things deployment","volume":"71","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102074","article-title":"A new provably secure certificateless signature scheme for Internet of Things","volume":"100","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8387","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3045451","article-title":"Permissioned blockchain-based anonymous and traceable aggregate signature scheme for industrial internet of things","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3206798","article-title":"PBidm: Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based Identity Management System for Industrial Internet of Things","volume":"19","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"116","article-title":"Securing the Internet of things in a quantum world","volume":"55","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9853","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3176755","article-title":"Blockchain-envisioned provably secure multivariate identity-based multi-signature scheme for Internet of Vehicles environment","volume":"71","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9939","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03661-4","article-title":"Novel proxy signature from lattice for the post-quantum Internet of Things","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F., Zhou, B., and Zhang, X. (2023). Identity-based proxy signature with message recovery over NTRU lattice. Entropy, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/e25030454"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prajapat, S., Gautam, D., Kumar, P., Jangirala, S., Das, A.K., Park, Y., and Lorenz, P. (2024, June 25). Secure lattice-based aggregate signature scheme for vehicular Ad Hoc networks. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/10487896.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3383967"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Wang, Y., Ren, Y., and Xia, F. (2024). Path signature-based xai-enabled network time series classification. Sci. China Inf. Sci., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-023-3978-y"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducas, L., Durmus, A., Lepoint, T., and Lyubashevsky, V. (2013). Lattice signatures and bimodal Gaussians. Advances in Cryptology, Proceedings of the CRYPTO 2013: Annual Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, 18\u201322 August 2013, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40041-4_3"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/13\/4188\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:06:30Z","timestamp":1760108790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/13\/4188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s24134188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24134188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]}}}