{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:29:42Z","timestamp":1773228582690,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031660","name":"ENEVA S.A.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PD-11278-0001-202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-11278-0001-202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher-Level Personnel (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores a data augmentation approach for images of rigid bodies, particularly focusing on electrical equipment and analogous industrial objects. By leveraging manufacturer-provided datasheets containing precise equipment dimensions, we employed straightforward algorithms to generate synthetic images, permitting the expansion of the training dataset from a potentially unlimited viewpoint. In scenarios lacking genuine target images, we conducted a case study using two well-known detectors, representing two machine-learning paradigms: the Viola\u2013Jones (VJ) and You Only Look Once (YOLO) detectors, trained exclusively on datasets featuring synthetic images as the positive examples of the target equipment, namely lightning rods and potential transformers. Performances of both detectors were assessed using real images in both visible and infrared spectra. YOLO consistently demonstrates F1 scores below 26% in both spectra, while VJ\u2019s scores lie in the interval from 38% to 61%. This performance discrepancy is discussed in view of paradigms\u2019 strengths and weaknesses, whereas the relatively high scores of at least one detector are taken as empirical evidence in favor of the proposed data augmentation approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T10:14:46Z","timestamp":1719828886000},"page":"4219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Performance Assessment of Object Detection Models Trained with Synthetic Data: A Case Study on Electrical Equipment Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3926-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58401-490, Brazil"},{"name":"INESC P&D Brasil, Santos 11055-300, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6659-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jugurta","family":"Montalv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC P&D Brasil, Santos 11055-300, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Operation, Eneva S.A., Barra dos Coqueiros 49140-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulisses","family":"Lebre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Operation, Eneva S.A., Barra dos Coqueiros 49140-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3852-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarso","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC P&D Brasil, Santos 11055-300, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-8655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC P&D Brasil, Santos 11055-300, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Brazil"},{"name":"National Council of Scientific and Technical Research\u2014CONICET, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires 2290, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2022.103514","article-title":"A survey of modern deep learning based object detection models","volume":"126","author":"Zaidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit. 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