{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:13:35Z","timestamp":1779916415540,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U22A2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2010"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52304173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304173"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021MS06004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS06004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JY20220174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220174"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JY20220077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220077"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["DC2000002412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC2000002412"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022LJRC0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LJRC0002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BS2020046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS2020046"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project","award":["U22A2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2010"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project","award":["52304173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304173"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project","award":["2021MS06004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS06004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project","award":["JY20220174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220174"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project","award":["JY20220077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220077"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project","award":["DC2000002412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC2000002412"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project","award":["2022LJRC0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LJRC0002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project","award":["BS2020046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS2020046"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52304173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021MS06004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS06004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JY20220174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JY20220077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DC2000002412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC2000002412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022LJRC0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LJRC0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BS2020046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS2020046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Project of Universities Directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["U22A2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2010"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Project of Universities Directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["52304173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304173"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Project of Universities Directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2021MS06004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS06004"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Project of Universities Directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["JY20220174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220174"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Project of Universities Directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["JY20220077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220077"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Project of Universities Directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["DC2000002412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC2000002412"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Project of Universities Directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2022LJRC0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LJRC0002"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Project of Universities Directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["BS2020046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS2020046"]}]},{"name":"Talent Development Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["U22A2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2010"]}]},{"name":"Talent Development Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["52304173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304173"]}]},{"name":"Talent Development Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2021MS06004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS06004"]}]},{"name":"Talent Development Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["JY20220174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220174"]}]},{"name":"Talent Development Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["JY20220077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220077"]}]},{"name":"Talent Development Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["DC2000002412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC2000002412"]}]},{"name":"Talent Development Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2022LJRC0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LJRC0002"]}]},{"name":"Talent Development Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["BS2020046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS2020046"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Leading Talent Team 2022","award":["U22A2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2010"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Leading Talent Team 2022","award":["52304173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304173"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Leading Talent Team 2022","award":["2021MS06004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS06004"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Leading Talent Team 2022","award":["JY20220174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220174"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Leading Talent Team 2022","award":["JY20220077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220077"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Leading Talent Team 2022","award":["DC2000002412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC2000002412"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Leading Talent Team 2022","award":["2022LJRC0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LJRC0002"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Leading Talent Team 2022","award":["BS2020046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS2020046"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology Doctoral Fund","award":["U22A2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2010"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology Doctoral Fund","award":["52304173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304173"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology Doctoral Fund","award":["2021MS06004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS06004"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology Doctoral Fund","award":["JY20220174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220174"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology Doctoral Fund","award":["JY20220077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20220077"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology Doctoral Fund","award":["DC2000002412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC2000002412"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology Doctoral Fund","award":["2022LJRC0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LJRC0002"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology Doctoral Fund","award":["BS2020046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS2020046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When using ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) for monitoring open-pit mines, dynamic atmospheric conditions can interfere with the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves, resulting in atmospheric phase errors. These errors are particularly complex in rapidly changing weather conditions or steep terrain, significantly impacting monitoring accuracy. In such scenarios, traditional regression model-based atmospheric phase correction (APC) methods often become unsuitable. To address this issue, this paper proposes a clustering method based on the spatial autocorrelation function. First, the interferogram is uniformly divided into multiple blocks, and the phase consistency of each block is evaluated using the spatial autocorrelation function. Then, a region growing algorithm is employed to classify each block according to its phase pattern, followed by merging adjacent blocks based on statistical data. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, both the traditional regression model-based method and the proposed method were applied to deformation monitoring of an open-pit mine in Northwest China. The experimental results show that for complex atmospheric phase scenarios, the proposed method significantly outperformed traditional methods, demonstrating its superiority.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T10:14:46Z","timestamp":1719828886000},"page":"4240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Clustering Approach for Atmospheric Phase Error Correction in Ground-Based SAR Using Spatial Autocorrelation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yaolong","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Radar Technology and Application, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Radar Technology and Application, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7704-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Radar Technology and Application, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7720-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Radar Technology and Application, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weixian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Radar Technology and Application, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8045-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Radar Technology and Application, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2325905","article-title":"Arc FMCW SAR and Applications in Ground Monitoring","volume":"52","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao, B., Lai, T., Zhang, D., and Huang, H. (2019, January 16\u201319). An Overview of Atmospheric Correction for GB-SAR. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT46805.2019.8947295"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2009.02.009","article-title":"A Landslide Forecasting Model Using Ground Based SAR Data: The Portalet Case Study","volume":"105","author":"Herrera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123287","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3005343","article-title":"Dam Structure Deformation Monitoring by Gb-InSAR Approach","volume":"8","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109944","article-title":"Microdeformation Monitoring by Permanent Scatterer GB-SAR Interferometry Based on Image Subset Series with Short Temporal Baselines: The Geheyan Dam Case Study","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2007.09.002","article-title":"Using GB-SAR Technique to Monitor Slow Moving Landslide","volume":"95","author":"Noferini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2017.1335905","article-title":"Monitoring Alpine Glacier Surface Deformations with GB-SAR","volume":"8","author":"Dematteis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2090647","article-title":"Atmospheric Phase Screen in Ground-Based Radar: Statistics and Compensation","volume":"8","author":"Iannini","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhou, X., Yu, S., Li, B., and Li, Y. (2021). Analysis and Correction of Meteorological Disturbance Observed by Ground Radars in Complex Environment. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258168"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03804","article-title":"Atmospheric Effects in Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Surface Deformation and Topographic Maps","volume":"102","author":"Zebker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009905","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2021.3057073","article-title":"Atmospheric Phase Screen Compensation of GB-SAR in Deep Dagushan Open-Pit Mine","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.848707","article-title":"Permanent Scatterers Analysis for Atmospheric Correction in Ground-Based SAR Interferometry","volume":"43","author":"Noferini","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2261077","article-title":"Atmospheric Phase Screen Compensation in Ground-Based SAR With a Multiple-Regression Model Over Mountainous Regions","volume":"52","author":"Iglesias","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5206713","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3074161","article-title":"A Grid Partition Method for Atmospheric Phase Compensation in GB-SAR","volume":"60","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Deng, Y., Tian, W., and Zhao, Z. (2019). A Compensation Method for a Time\u2013Space Variant Atmospheric Phase Applied to Time-Series GB-SAR Images. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202350"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5206309","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3072037","article-title":"Time-Series Clustering Methodology for Estimating Atmospheric Phase Screen in Ground-Based InSAR Data","volume":"60","author":"Izumi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, P., Lai, T., Huang, S., Chen, W., and Weng, D. (2023). An Atmospheric Phase Correction Method Based on Normal Vector Clustering Partition in Complicated Conditions for GB-SAR. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071744"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent Scatterers in SAR Interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23109","DOI":"10.1029\/96JE01459","article-title":"Surface Deformation and Coherence Measurements of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from SIR-C Radar Interferometry","volume":"101","author":"Rosen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/36.739146","article-title":"Coherence Estimation for SAR Imagery","volume":"37","author":"Touzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916216","article-title":"Analysis of Ground-Based SAR Data with Diverse Temporal Baselines","volume":"46","author":"Noferini","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2007.908364","article-title":"Atmospheric Artifact Compensation in Ground-Based DInSAR Applications","volume":"5","author":"Pipia","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3004341","article-title":"Atmospheric Phase Compensation in Extreme Weather Conditions for Ground-Based SAR","volume":"13","author":"Karunathilake","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Yang, H., Xu, L., and Li, T. (2021). Novel Model-Based Approaches for Non-Homogenous Atmospheric Compensation of GB-InSAR in the Azimuth and Horizontal Directions. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112153"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Sun, J., Li, Q., Tan, W., Huang, P., and Qi, Y. (2018). Time- and Space-Varying Atmospheric Phase Correction in Discontinuous Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Deformation Monitoring. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113883"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2938233","article-title":"Deformation Monitoring Using Ground-Based Differential SAR Tomography","volume":"17","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/13\/4240\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:07:44Z","timestamp":1760108864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/13\/4240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s24134240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24134240","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]}}}