{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T21:38:36Z","timestamp":1772660316359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R21NS111301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS111301"]}]},{"name":"Parkinson Alliance","award":["R21NS111301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS111301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The current approach to assessing bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease relies on the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), which is a numeric scale. Inertial sensors offer the ability to probe subcomponents of bradykinesia: motor speed, amplitude, and rhythm. Thus, we sought to investigate the differential effects of high-frequency compared to low-frequency subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on these quantified facets of bradykinesia. Methods: We recruited advanced Parkinson\u2019s Disease subjects with a chronic bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS implantation to a single-blind stimulation trial where each combination of medication state (OFF\/ON), electrode contacts, and stimulation frequency (60 Hz\/180 Hz) was assessed. The Kinesia One sensor system was used to measure upper limb bradykinesia. For each stimulation trial, subjects performed extremity motor tasks. Sensor data were recorded continuously. We identified STN DBS parameters that were associated with improved upper extremity bradykinesia symptoms using a mixed linear regression model. Results: We recruited 22 subjects (6 females) for this study. The 180 Hz STN DBS (compared to the 60 Hz STN DBS) and dopaminergic medications improved all subcomponents of upper extremity bradykinesia (motor speed, amplitude, and rhythm). For the motor rhythm subcomponent of bradykinesia, ventral contacts yielded improved symptom improvement compared to dorsal contacts. Conclusion: The differential impact of high- and low-frequency STN DBS on the symptoms of bradykinesia may advise programming for these patients but warrants further investigation. Wearable sensors represent a valuable addition to the armamentarium that furthers our ability to conduct objective, quantitative clinical assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T05:08:34Z","timestamp":1719896914000},"page":"4296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differential Responses to Low- and High-Frequency Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation on Sensor-Measured Components of Bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Akash","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6818-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anahita","family":"Khojandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0695-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritesh A.","family":"Ramdhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29362","article-title":"Redefining Bradykinesia","volume":"38","author":"Bologna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov. 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