{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T01:48:16Z","timestamp":1778377696214,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51705210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51705210"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019K195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019K195"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21KJB460012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB460012"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Post-Doctoral Research Funding Scheme","award":["51705210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51705210"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Post-Doctoral Research Funding Scheme","award":["2019K195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019K195"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Post-Doctoral Research Funding Scheme","award":["21KJB460012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB460012"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Project of Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province","award":["51705210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51705210"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Project of Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province","award":["2019K195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019K195"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Project of Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province","award":["21KJB460012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB460012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), as a novel energy harvesting technology, has garnered widespread attention. As a relatively young field in nanogenerator research, investigations into various aspects of the TENG are still ongoing. This review summarizes the development and dissemination of the fundamental principles of triboelectricity generation. It outlines the evolution of triboelectricity principles, ranging from the fabrication of the first TENG to the selection of triboelectric materials and the confirmation of the electron cloud overlapping model. Furthermore, recent advancements in TENG application scenarios are discussed from four perspectives, along with the research progress in performance optimization through three primary approaches, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. Finally, the paper addresses the major challenges hindering the practical application and widespread adoption of TENGs, while also providing insights into future developments. With continued research on the TENG, it is expected that these challenges can be overcome, paving the way for its extensive utilization in various real-world scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T09:01:39Z","timestamp":1719910899000},"page":"4298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Triboelectric Nanogenerators: State of the Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zhan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8668-3708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Modern Equipment Technology, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Bao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9300-9383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Modern Equipment Technology, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Modern Equipment Technology, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Jinghu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401389","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201401389","article-title":"A high areal capacity flexible lithium-ion battery with a strain-compliant design","volume":"5","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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