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Utilizing the pre-designable and porous properties of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is an innovative way to address the demand for high-performance NH3 sensing. However, COF particles frequently encounter aggregation, low conductivity, and mechanical rigidity, reducing the effectiveness of portable NH3 detection. To overcome these challenges, we propose a practical approach using polyvinyl alcohol-carrageenan (\u03baPVA) as a template for in the situ growth of two-dimensional COF film and particles to produce a flexible hydrogel gas sensor (COF\/\u03baPVA). The synergistic effect of COF and \u03baPVA enhances the gas sensing, water retention, and mechanical properties. The COF\/\u03baPVA hydrogel shows a 54.4% response to 1 ppm NH3 with a root mean square error of less than 5% and full recovery compared to the low response and no recovery of bare \u03baPVA. Owing to the dual effects of the COF film and the particles anchoring the water molecules, the COF\/\u03baPVA hydrogel remained stable after 70 h in atmospheric conditions, in contrast, the bare \u03baPVA hydrogel was completely dehydrated. Our work might pave the way for highly sensitive hydrogel gas sensors, which have intriguing applications in flexible electronic devices for gas sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T08:45:34Z","timestamp":1719996334000},"page":"4324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In Situ Growth of COF\/PVA-Carrageenan Hydrogel Using the Impregnation Method for the Purpose of Highly Sensitive Ammonia Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0987-6802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Department of Micro\/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2131-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Department of Micro\/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2257-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Department of Micro\/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Wangze","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Department of Micro\/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Department of Micro\/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Nantao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Department of Micro\/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Department of Micro\/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10968","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c03372","article-title":"Microheater integrated nanotube array gas sensor for parts-per-trillion level gas detection and single sensor-based gas discrimination","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01109-2","article-title":"Functionalized hydrogel-based wearable gas and humidity sensors","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2022.100962","article-title":"Current development of materials science and engineering towards epidermal sensors","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. 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