{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:02:12Z","timestamp":1780704132724,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, embedded system technologies and products for sensor networks and wearable devices used for monitoring people\u2019s activities and health have become the focus of the global IT industry. In order to enhance the speech recognition capabilities of wearable devices, this article discusses the implementation of audio positioning and enhancement in embedded systems using embedded algorithms for direction detection and mixed source separation. The two algorithms are implemented using different embedded systems: direction detection developed using TI TMS320C6713 DSK and mixed source separation developed using Raspberry Pi 2. For mixed source separation, in the first experiment, the average signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) at 1 m and 2 m distances was 16.72 and 15.76, respectively. In the second experiment, when evaluated using speech recognition, the algorithm improved speech recognition accuracy to 95%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T03:48:56Z","timestamp":1720151336000},"page":"4351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Implementation of Sound Direction Detection and Mixed Source Separation in Embedded Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7396-7042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2934-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phuong Thi","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weng-Sheng","family":"Bee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-160X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenny Ramadha","family":"Putri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0633-774X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Hsiang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science, Soochow University, Taipei City 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0110-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4079-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Lun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Long","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9225-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuan","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Digital Technology, University of Technology and Education\u2014University of \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Danang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0475-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Research Center, Hon Hai Research Institute, New Taipei City 207236, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Ching","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2015.2470119","article-title":"Robust environmental sound recognition with fast noise suppression for home automation","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2007.911680","article-title":"Robust environmental sound recognition for home automation","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2023.102932","article-title":"A review of sensory interactions between autonomous vehicles and drivers","volume":"141","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Abdulhameed, Z.N. (2023, January 8\u20139). Design and Implement a Wireless Temperature Monitoring System using Noncontact IR Sensor Based on Arduino. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG), Indore, India."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2015.2467311","article-title":"Speaker identification with whispered speech for the access control system","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karunaratna, S., and Maduranga, P. (2021, January 6\u20137). Artificial Intelligence on Single Board Computers: An Experiment on Sound Event Classification. Proceedings of the 2021 5th SLAAI International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (SLAAI-ICAI), Colombo, Sri Lanka.","DOI":"10.1109\/SLAAI-ICAI54477.2021.9664746"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-016-1634-x","article-title":"Health fog: A novel framework for health and wellness applications","volume":"72","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2016.2574362","article-title":"A fully integrated wireless compressed sensing neural signal acquisition system for chronic recording and brain machine interface","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circ. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012038","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2384\/1\/012038","article-title":"Embedded remote monitoring system based on NBIOT","volume":"2384","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Liu, W., Xu, W., Mu, X., and Cheng, J. (2020, January 6\u20138). Design of Smart Home Control System Based on Embedded System. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 9th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC), Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehatbakhsh, N., Alam, M., Nazari, A., Zajic, A., and Prvulovic, M. (May, January 30). Syndrome: Spectral Analysis for Anomaly Detection on Medical IOT and Embedded Devices. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2018.8383884"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Liao, J., Li, B., and Li, J. (2012, January 6\u20138). A Family Medical Monitoring System Based on Embedded uC\/OS-II and GPRS. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation, Shenyang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICInfA.2012.6246760"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilmi, M., Huda, M., and Rahardhita, W. (2015, January 29\u201330). Automatic Control Music Amplifier Using Speech Signal Utilizing by TMS320C6713. Proceedings of the 2015 International Electronics Symposium (IES), Surabaya, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ELECSYM.2015.7380834"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manikandan, J., Venkataramani, B., Girish, K., Karthic, H., and Siddharth, V. (2011, January 2\u20137). Hardware Implementation of Real-Time Speech Recognition System Using TMS320C6713 DSP. Proceedings of the 2011 24th International Conference on VLSI Design, Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSID.2011.12"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, N.B.A., Gandi, S., Sharrif, Z.A.M., and Ahmed, S.K. (2010, January 13\u201314). Real-Time Implementation of a Fuzzy Inference System for Banana Grading Using DSP TMS320C6713 Platform. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCORED.2010.5704026"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, J., Singh, H.P., and Singh, S. (2010, January 28\u201330). Implementation of FIR Interpolation Filter on TMS320C6713 for VOIP Analysis. Proceedings of the 2010 2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks, Liverpool, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/CICSyN.2010.71"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2024, June 20). SPRS186L-TMS320C6713 Floating-Point Digital Signal Processing; December 2001. Revised November 2005; Texas Instruments, Texas, USA. Available online: https:\/\/media.digikey.com\/pdf\/Data%20Sheets\/Texas%20Instruments%20PDFs\/TMS320C6713.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2024, June 20). TMS320C6713 DSK Technical Reference; November 2003. Spectrum Digital, Texas, USA. Available online: https:\/\/electrical.engineering.unt.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/Spectrum_Digital_TMS320C6713_User_Guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2024, June 20). Code Composer Studio Development Tools v3. 3 Getting Started Guide; SPRU509H; May 2008. Texas Instruments, Texas, USA. Available online: https:\/\/spinlab.wpi.edu\/courses\/ece4703_2010\/spru509h.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2024, June 20). Code Composer Studio User\u2019s Guide; Texas Instruments Literature Number SPRU328B. Texas Instruments, Texas, USA. Available online: https:\/\/software-dl.ti.com\/ccs\/esd\/documents\/users_guide\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, M.S.D., Patchava, V., and Menezes, V. (2015, January 8\u201310). Healthcare Based on IOT Using Raspberry Pi. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT), Greater Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGCIoT.2015.7380571"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, N., Kabir, M.T., Rahman, T.R., Hossen, M.S., and Salauddin, F. (2015, January 27\u201329). A Real-Time Surveillance Mini-Rover Based on OpenCV-Python-JAVA Using Raspberry Pi 2. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE), Penang, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSCE.2015.7482232"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandeep, V., Gopal, K.L., Naveen, S., Amudhan, A., and Kumar, L.S. (2015, January 10\u201313). Globally Accessible Machine Automation Using Raspberry Pi based on Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Kochi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2015.7275764"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"143","article-title":"Android based home automation using raspberry pi","volume":"1","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upton, E., and Halfacree, G. (2016). Raspberry Pi User Guide, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119415572"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1976.1162830","article-title":"The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay","volume":"24","author":"Knapp","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1986.1143830","article-title":"Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation","volume":"34","author":"Schmidt","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, B., Kim, G., and Park, Y. (2007, January 26\u201329). Sound Source Localization Methods with Considering of Microphone Placement in Robot Platform. Proceedings of the RO-MAN 2007-The 16th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, Jeju, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2007.4415066"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, X., and Zhang, M. (September, January 29). Sound Source Localization Based on Robot Hearing and Vision. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSIT.2008.26"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1973.9300","article-title":"The smoothed coherence transform","volume":"61","author":"Carter","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(00)00026-5","article-title":"Independent component analysis: Algorithms and applications","volume":"13","author":"Oja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, S., and Everson, R. (2001). Independent Component Analysis: Principles and Practice, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511624148"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"196","article-title":"VLSI design for convolutive blind source separation","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1109\/78.726803","article-title":"Blind source separation based on time-frequency signal representations","volume":"46","author":"Belouchrani","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24717","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/24717","article-title":"MAP-based underdetermined blind source separation of convolutive mixtures by hierarchical clustering and-norm minimization","volume":"2007","author":"Winter","year":"2006","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(02)00631-8","article-title":"Underdetermined blind separation of delayed sound sources in the frequency domain","volume":"55","author":"Bofill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ying-Chuan, C. (2012). VLSI Architecture Design for Blind Source Separation Based on Infomax and Time-Frequency Masking. [Master\u2019s Thesis, National Central University]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinnunen, T., and Rajan, P. (2013, January 26\u201331). A Practical, Self-Adaptive Voice Activity Detector for Speaker Verification with Noisy Telephone and Microphone Data. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2013.6639066"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1979.1163209","article-title":"Suppression of acoustic noise in speech using spectral subtraction","volume":"27","author":"Boll","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-vis:20000408","article-title":"Spectral subtraction based on phonetic dependency and masking effects","volume":"147","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEE Proc.-Vis. Image Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2016.2598306","article-title":"Compressive sensing-based speech enhancement","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, H.M., Liang, K.-W., and Wang, J.-C. (2023, January 4\u201310). Discriminative Vector Learning with Application to Single Channel Speech Separation. Proceedings of the ICASSP 2023-2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Rhodes Island, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49357.2023.10096181"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, H.M., Vu, D.-Q., and Wang, J.-C. (2023, January 4\u201310). Selinet: A Lightweight Model for Single Channel Speech Separation. Proceedings of the ICASSP 2023-2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Rhodes Island, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49357.2023.10097121"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Varma, K., Ikuma, T., and Beex, A.A. (2002, January 6). Robust TDE-Based DOA Estimation for Compact Audio Arrays. Proceedings of the Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop Proceedings, Rosslyn, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Cirrus Logic (2015). Cirrus Logic Audio Card User Documentation, Cirrus Logic."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Cirrus Logic (2014). Cirrus Logic Audio Card for B+ and A+ Onwards Schematics, Cirrus Logic."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/13\/4351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:10:16Z","timestamp":1760109016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/13\/4351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s24134351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24134351","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]}}}