{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:15:46Z","timestamp":1760145346655,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZC20233551","JCKY2023207CI05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20233551","JCKY2023207CI05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise Fund Program","award":["GZC20233551","JCKY2023207CI05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20233551","JCKY2023207CI05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extraction of typical features of underwater target signals and excellent recognition algorithms are the keys to achieving underwater acoustic target recognition of divers. This paper proposes a feature extraction method for diver signals: frequency\u2212domain multi\u2212sub\u2212band energy (FMSE), aiming to achieve accurate recognition of diver underwater acoustic targets by passive sonar. The impact of the presence or absence of targets, different numbers of targets, different signal\u2212to\u2212noise ratios, and different detection distances on this method was studied based on experimental data under different conditions, such as water pools and lakes. It was found that the FMSE method has the best robustness and performance compared with two other signal feature extraction methods: mel frequency cepstral coefficient filtering and gammatone frequency cepstral coefficient filtering. Combined with the commonly used recognition algorithm of support vector machines, the FMSE method can achieve a comprehensive recognition accuracy of over 94% for frogman underwater acoustic targets. This indicates that the FMSE method is suitable for underwater acoustic recognition of diver targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T09:01:19Z","timestamp":1720429279000},"page":"4412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Feature Extraction Methods for Underwater Acoustic Target Recognition of Divers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7651-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Weapony Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changgeng","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Weapony Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan 430033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2019.08.036","article-title":"Extended least squares support vector machine with applications to fault diagnosis of aircraft engine","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-3270(03)00075-X","article-title":"Application of the wavelet transforms in machine condition monitoring and fault diagnostics: A review with biblio-graphy","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mech. 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