{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:52:02Z","timestamp":1776264722871,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) through the Program Management Unit for Competitiveness (PMUC)","award":["C10F630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C10F630030"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) through the Program Management Unit for Competitiveness (PMUC)","award":["1429583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1429583"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["C10F630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C10F630030"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["1429583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1429583"]}]},{"name":"ASEAN IVO Project","award":["C10F630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C10F630030"]}]},{"name":"ASEAN IVO Project","award":["1429583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1429583"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Japan","award":["C10F630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C10F630030"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Japan","award":["1429583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1429583"]}]},{"name":"Khon Kaen University","award":["C10F630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C10F630030"]}]},{"name":"Khon Kaen University","award":["1429583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1429583"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thailand\u2019s hospitals face overcrowding, particularly with non-communicable disease (NCD) patients, due to a doctor shortage and an aging population. Most literature showed implementation merely on web or mobile application to teleconsult with physicians. Instead, in this work, we developed and implemented a telemedicine health kiosk system embedded with non-invasive biosensors and time-series predictors to improve NCD indicators over an eight-month period. Two cohorts were randomly selected: a control group with usual care and a telemedicine-using group. The telemedicine-using group showed significant improvements in average fasting blood glucose (148 to 130 mg\/dL) and systolic blood pressure (152 to 138 mmHg). Data mining with the Apriori algorithm revealed correlations between diseases, occupations, and environmental factors, informing public health policies. Communication between kiosks and servers used LoRa, 5G, and IEEE802.11, which are selected based on the distance and signal availability. The results support telemedicine kiosks as effective for NCD management, significantly improving key NCD indicators, average blood glucose, and blood pressure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T13:22:36Z","timestamp":1720531356000},"page":"4431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Non-Invasive Sensors Integration for NCDs with AIoT Based Telemedicine System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chavis","family":"Srichan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7806-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pobporn","family":"Danvirutai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in Northeast Thailand, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3326-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noppakun","family":"Boonsim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies, Khon Kaen University, Nong Khai Campus, Nong Khai 43000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5059-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariya","family":"Namvong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies, Khon Kaen University, Nong Khai Campus, Nong Khai 43000, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Multidisciplinary Innovation Network Talent (MINT Center), Department of Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies, Khon Kaen University, Nong Khai Campus, Nong Khai 43000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9485-1313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chayada","family":"Surawanitkun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies, Khon Kaen University, Nong Khai Campus, Nong Khai 43000, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Multidisciplinary Innovation Network Talent (MINT Center), Department of Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies, Khon Kaen University, Nong Khai Campus, Nong Khai 43000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanachai","family":"Ritsongmuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Academic Services, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apirat","family":"Siritaratiwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirirat","family":"Anutrakulchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in Northeast Thailand, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03647-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03647-20","article-title":"Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18810","DOI":"10.2196\/18810","article-title":"Global Telemedicine Implementation and Integration Within Health Systems to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action","volume":"6","author":"Ohannessian","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2020-210896","article-title":"Digital disparities: Designing telemedicine systems with a health equity aim","volume":"38","author":"Jaffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104672","article-title":"Patient-centered care in telemedicine\u2014An experimental-design study","volume":"159","author":"Gabay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00300","article-title":"Policy Considerations to Ensure Telemedicine Equity","volume":"41","author":"Khoong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganjali, R., Jajroudi, M., Kheirdoust, A., Darroudi, A., and Alnattah, A. (2022). Telemedicine solutions for clinical care delivery during COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.937207"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Q., and Gadekallu, T.R. (EAI Endorsed Trans. Pervasive Health Technol., 2022). Design of telemedicine information query system based on wireless sensor network, EAI Endorsed Trans. Pervasive Health Technol., in press.","DOI":"10.4108\/eetpht.v8i4.674"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X221107995","article-title":"A multi-stakeholder approach is needed to reduce the digital divide and encourage equitable access to telehealth","volume":"29","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06629-4","article-title":"Disparities in telehealth use: How should a supportive care community respond?","volume":"30","author":"Dixit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2022.10.011","article-title":"Implementation of telemedicine for burns management: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"49","author":"Norouzkhani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2022.100054","article-title":"Telemedicine implementation and use in community health centers during COVID-19: Clinic personnel and patient perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Frehn","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM\u2014Qual. Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2024, May 10). Ratios between Medical Personnel and Population in Thailand, Available online: http:\/\/ittdashboard.nso.go.th\/preview.php?id_project=60."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05570-8","article-title":"Non-invasively accuracy enhanced blood glucose sensor using shallow dense neural networks with NIR monitoring and medical features","volume":"12","author":"Srichan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danvirutai, P., Ekpanyapong, M., Tuantranont, A., Bohez, E., Anutrakulchai, S., Wisitsoraat, A., and Srichan, C. (2020). Ultra-sensitive and label-free neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin electrochemical sensor using gold nanoparticles decorated 3D Graphene foam towards acute kidney injury detection. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res., 30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2020.100380"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21276","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c01315","article-title":"Empowering an Acute Kidney Injury 3D Graphene-Based Sensor Using Extreme Learning Machine","volume":"9","author":"Sittihakote","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cilliers, L. (2022). A digital health ecosystem for Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital Innovation for Healthcare in COVID-19 Pandemic, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821318-6.00013-X"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indria, D., Alajlani, M., and Fraser, H.S.F. (2020). Clinicians perceptions of a telemedicine system: A mixed method study of Makassar City, Indonesia. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01234-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28009","DOI":"10.2196\/28009","article-title":"Application of Telemedicine Services Based on a Regional Telemedicine Platform in China From 2014 to 2020: Longitudinal Trend Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000845","article-title":"The future of telemedicine and wearable technology in IBD","volume":"38","author":"Rowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02642","article-title":"Challenges of Emerging Wearable Sensors for Remote Monitoring toward Telemedicine Healthcare","volume":"95","author":"Kalasin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901183","article-title":"Large-Scale Assessment of a Smartwatch to Identify Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"381","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.01.007","article-title":"Towards an ML-based semantic IoT for pandemic management: A survey of enabling technologies for COVID-19","volume":"528","author":"Zgheib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peruzzi, G., Galli, A., and Pozzebon, A. (2022, January 18\u201320). A Novel Methodology to Remotely and Early Diagnose Sleep Bruxism by Leveraging on Audio Signals and Embedded Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Measurements & Networking (M&N), Padova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MN55117.2022.9887782"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, Y., Gandhi, H., Burte, A., and Vora, A. (2020, January 5\u20137). Mental and Physical Health Management System Using ML, Computer Vision and IoT Sensor Network. Proceedings of the 2020 4th International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECA49313.2020.9297447"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayan, R.A., Zafar, I., Rajab, H., Zubair, M.A.M., Maqbool, M., and Hussain, S. (2022). Impact of IoT in Biomedical Applications Using Machine and Deep Learning. Machine Learning Algorithms for Signal and Image Processing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119861850.ch19"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redij, R., Kaur, A., Muddaloor, P., Sethi, A.K., Aedma, K., Rajagopal, A., Gopalakrishnan, K., Yadav, A., Damani, D.N., and Chedid, V.G. (2023). Practicing Digital Gastroenterology through Phonoenterography Leveraging Artificial Intelligence: Future Perspectives Using Microwave Systems. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042302"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutsumi, Y., Kanegawa, N., Zeida, M., Matsubara, H., and Murayama, N. (2022). Automated Bowel Sound and Motility Analysis with CNN Using a Smartphone. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010407"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4431\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:12:12Z","timestamp":1760109132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s24144431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24144431","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]}}}