{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T20:21:28Z","timestamp":1776975688887,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term patient monitoring is required for detection of episodes of atrial fibrillation, one of the most widespread cardiac pathologies. Today, the most used non-invasive technique is Holter electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring, which can often prove ineffective because of the short duration of recordings (e.g., one day). Other techniques such as photo-plethysmography are adopted by smartwatches for much longer duration monitoring, but this has the disadvantage of offering only intermittent measurements. This study proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) sensor that can provide a very long period of continuous monitoring. The sensor consists of an ECG-integrated Analog Front End (MAX30003), a microcontroller (STM32F401RE), and an IoT narrowband module (STEVAL-STMODLTE). The instantaneous heart rate is extracted from the ECG recording in real time. At intervals of two minutes, the sequence of inter-beat intervals is transmitted to an IoT cloud platform (ThingSpeak). Settled atrial fibrillation event recognition software runs on the cloud and generates alerts when it recognizes such arrhythmia. Performances of the proposed sensor were evaluated by generating analog ECG signals from a public dataset of ECG signals with atrial fibrillation episodes, the MIT-BIH Atrial Fibrillation Database, each recording lasting approximately 10 h. Software implementing the Lorentz algorithm, one of the best detectors of atrial fibrillation, was implemented on the cloud platform. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in recognizing atrial fibrillation episodes of the proposed system was calculated by comparison with a cardiologist\u2019s reference data. Across all patients, the proposed method achieved an accuracy of 0.88, a sensitivity 0.71, and a specificity 0.99. The results obtained suggest that the developed system can continuously record and transmit heart rhythms effectively and efficiently and, in addition, offers considerable performance in recognizing atrial fibrillation episodes in real time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T13:22:36Z","timestamp":1720531356000},"page":"4432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Narrowband IoT Personal Sensor for Long-Term Heart Rate Monitoring and Atrial Fibrillation Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1588-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana","family":"Cinotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Centracchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9314-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Parlato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4829-3941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Andreozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Muto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9585-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bifulco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5926-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.10.946","article-title":"Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on the Risk of Death: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"98","author":"Benjamin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316340","article-title":"Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation in the 21st Century: Novel Methods and New Insights","volume":"127","author":"Kornej","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. 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