{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:13:44Z","timestamp":1760145224627,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["4222065","2023JBZY002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4222065","2023JBZY002"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["4222065","2023JBZY002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4222065","2023JBZY002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-definition near-eye display technology has extremely close sight distance, placing a higher demand on the size, performance, and array of light-emitting pixel devices. Based on the excellent photoelectric performance of metal halide perovskite materials, perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have high photoelectric conversion efficiency, adjustable emission spectra, and excellent charge transfer characteristics, demonstrating great prospects as next-generation light sources. Despite their potential, the solubility of perovskite in photoresist presents a hurdle for conventional micro\/nano processing techniques, resulting in device sizes typically exceeding 50 \u03bcm. This limitation impedes the further downsizing of perovskite-based components. Herein, we propose a plane-structured PeLED device that can achieve microscale light-emitting diodes with a single pixel device size &lt; 2 \u03bcm and a luminescence lifetime of approximately 3 s. This is accomplished by fabricating a patterned substrate and regulating ion distribution in the perovskite through self-doping effects to form a PN junction. This breakthrough overcomes the technical challenge of perovskite\u2013photoresist incompatibility, which has hindered the development of perovskite materials in micro\/nano optoelectronic devices. The strides made in this study open up promising avenues for the advancement of PeLEDs within the realm of micro\/nano optoelectronic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T13:34:38Z","timestamp":1720618478000},"page":"4454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microscale Lateral Perovskite Light Emitting Diode Realized by Self-Doping Phenomenon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3797-7695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzhe","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6327-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4624-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3471-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongzhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4310-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zilong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0633-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5216-7580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.0c01451","article-title":"Inkjet-Printed Quantum Dot Color Conversion Films for High-Resolution and Full-Color Micro Light-Emitting Diode Displays","volume":"11","author":"Xuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SA0809","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/ac1a00","article-title":"InGaN-Based Red Light-Emitting Diodes: From Traditional to Micro-LEDs","volume":"61","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pquantelec.2020.100247","article-title":"Chip-Scale GaN Integration","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0047","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0047","article-title":"Integration Technology of Micro-LED for Next-Generation Display","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Zheng, H., Zhou, L., Li, H., Chen, Y., Wei, C., Wu, T., Lv, W., Zhang, G., and Zhang, S. (2023). Research Progress of Micro-LED Display Technology. Crystals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13071001"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Li, H., Wong, M.S., Chan, P., Yang, Y., Zhang, H., Iza, M., Speck, J.S., Nakamura, S., and Denbaars, S.P. (2022). Progress of InGaN-Based Red Micro-Light Emitting Diodes. Crystals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12040541"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xu, R., Kang, Q., Zhang, X., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Recent Advances on GaN-Based Micro-LEDs. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.0764.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203683","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203683","article-title":"Metal Halide Perovskite\/Electrode Contacts in Charge-Transporting-Layer-Free Devices","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.201700356","article-title":"Recent Advances in Metal Halide-Based Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes","volume":"5","author":"Kumawat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0398-2","article-title":"Surface Passivation of Perovskite Film for Efficient Solar Cells","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE03397K","article-title":"The Rapid Evolution of Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"10","author":"Abate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17150","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c06849","article-title":"Perovskite White Light Emitting Diodes: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00522-0","article-title":"Towards Micro-PeLED Displays","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139927","article-title":"Strategy for the Fabrication of Perovskite-Based Green Micro LED for Ultra High-Resolution Displays by Micro-Molding Process and Surface Passivation","volume":"453","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2020.08.025","article-title":"Perovskite QLED with an External Quantum Efficiency of over 21% by Modulating Electronic Transport","volume":"66","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0575-3","article-title":"Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 20 per Cent","volume":"562","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-00487-4","article-title":"Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes from Mixed-Dimensional Perovskites on a Fluoride Interface","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200498","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202200498","article-title":"A Multifunctional Ionic Liquid Additive Enabling Stable and Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005230","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202005230","article-title":"Metal Halide Perovskite Arrays: From Construction to Optoelectronic Applications","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c00701","article-title":"Photolithographic Patterning of Perovskite Thin Films for Multicolor Display Applications","volume":"20","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2021.100582","article-title":"Efficient Mini\/Micro-Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes","volume":"2","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300691","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300691","article-title":"A Universal Microscopic Patterned Doping Method for Perovskite Enables Ultrafast, Self-Powered, Ultrasmall Perovskite Photodiodes","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.06.084","article-title":"Multiple-Quantum-Well Perovskite for Hole-Transport-Layer-Free Light-Emitting Diodes","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2021.09.007","article-title":"Degradation and Self-Repairing in Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes","volume":"4","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801534","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201801534","article-title":"Efficient CsPbBr3 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Enabled by Synergetic Morphology Control","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2024.107003","article-title":"Tetrafluoride Anion Substitution and Its Role on Performance Enhancement in Quasi-2D Perovskite Light-Emitting Diode","volume":"127","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201407","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201407","article-title":"Super-Bright Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Using Ionic Liquid Additives","volume":"7","author":"Sadhukhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00761-4","article-title":"Suppressing Thermal Quenching via Defect Passivation for Efficient Quasi-2D Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101361","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202101361","article-title":"Small Molecule Approach to Passivate Undercoordinated Ions in Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes: Progress and Challenges","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6640","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TC01332C","article-title":"Cation Doping and Strain Engineering of CsPbBr3-Based Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:12:43Z","timestamp":1760109163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s24144454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24144454","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]}}}