{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T20:44:47Z","timestamp":1776285887497,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R44EB030874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44EB030874"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This review aims to explore recent advancements in optical imaging techniques for monitoring the viability of Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) flap reconstruction. The objectives include highlighting the principles, applications, and clinical utility of optical imaging modalities such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), hyperspectral imaging (HSI), dynamic infrared thermography (DIRT), and short-wave infrared thermography (SWIR) in assessing tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Additionally, this review aims to discuss the potential of these techniques in enhancing surgical outcomes by enabling timely intervention in cases of compromised flap perfusion. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify studies focusing on optical imaging techniques for monitoring DIEP flap viability. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and relevant databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore, and ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses, among others, using specific keywords related to optical imaging, DIEP flap reconstruction, tissue perfusion, and surgical outcomes. This extensive search ensured we gathered comprehensive data for our analysis. Articles discussing the principles, applications, and clinical use of NIRS, ICG fluorescence angiography, LSCI, HSI, DIRT, and SWIR in DIEP flap monitoring were selected for inclusion. Data regarding the techniques\u2019 effectiveness, advantages, limitations, and potential impact on surgical decision-making were extracted and synthesized. Results: Optical imaging modalities, including NIRS, ICG fluorescence angiography, LSCI, HSI, DIRT, and SWIR offer a non- or minimal-invasive, real-time assessment of tissue perfusion and oxygenation in DIEP flap reconstruction. These techniques provide objective and quantitative data, enabling surgeons to monitor flap viability accurately. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of optical imaging in detecting compromised perfusion and facilitating timely intervention, thereby reducing the risk of flap complications such as partial or total loss. Furthermore, optical imaging modalities have shown promise in improving surgical outcomes by guiding intraoperative decision-making and optimizing patient care. Conclusions: Recent advancements in optical imaging techniques present valuable tools for monitoring the viability of DIEP flap reconstruction. NIRS, ICG fluorescence angiography, LSCI, HSI, DIRT, and SWIR offer a non- or minimal-invasive, real-time assessment of tissue perfusion and oxygenation, enabling accurate evaluation of flap viability. These modalities have the potential to enhance surgical outcomes by facilitating timely intervention in cases of compromised perfusion, thereby reducing the risk of flap complications. Incorporating optical imaging into clinical practice can provide surgeons with objective and quantitative data, assisting in informed decision-making for optimal patient care in DIEP flap reconstruction surgeries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T13:34:38Z","timestamp":1720618478000},"page":"4457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Advancing DIEP Flap Monitoring with Optical Imaging Techniques: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3747-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailey Hwiram","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0763-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Seok","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2169-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard Jaepyeong","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181f8cb32","article-title":"Current evidence for postoperative monitoring of microvascular free flaps: A systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Chae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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