{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:31:58Z","timestamp":1772724718928,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["NNF20OC0063573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0063573"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces and evaluates an innovative sensor for unobtrusive in-car respiration monitoring, mounted on the backrest of the driver\u2019s seat. The sensor seamlessly integrates into the vehicle, measuring breathing rates continuously without requiring active participation from the driver. The paper proves the feasibility of unobtrusive in-car measurements over long periods of time. Operation of the sensor was investigated over 12 participants sitting in the driver seat. A total of 107 min of driving in diverse conditions with overall coverage rate of 84.45% underscores the sensor potential to reliably capture physiological changes in breathing rate for fatigue and stress detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T15:59:48Z","timestamp":1720713588000},"page":"4500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["On-Road Evaluation of Unobtrusive In-Car Respiration Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7302-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Radomski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SDU Health Informatics and Technology, The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3716-3201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Teichmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SDU Health Informatics and Technology, The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2008.0090","article-title":"Nonintrusive biological signal monitoring in a car to evaluate a driver\u2019s stress and health state","volume":"15","author":"Baek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2017.04.005","article-title":"Respiration-based emotion recognition with deep learning","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. 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Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2020.3036330","article-title":"Respiratory monitoring: Current state of the art and future roads","volume":"15","author":"Costanzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-015-9777-5","article-title":"Wireless non-invasive continuous respiratory monitoring with FMCW radar: A clinical validation study","volume":"30","author":"Breteler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2011.2176937","article-title":"SoC CMOS UWB pulse radar sensor for contactless respiratory rate monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Zito","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonhardt, S., Leicht, L., and Teichmann, D. (2018). 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