{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T21:36:15Z","timestamp":1779399375845,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR), Poland","award":["DOB-SZAFIR\/09\/B\/006\/01\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOB-SZAFIR\/09\/B\/006\/01\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medical support in crisis situations is a major challenge. Efficient implementation of the medical evacuation process especially in operations with limited human resources that may occur during armed conflicts can limit the loss of these resources. Proper evacuation of wounded soldiers from the battlefield can increase the chances of their survival and rapid return to further military operations. This paper presents the technical details of the decision support system for medical evacuation to support this process. The basis for the functioning of this system is the continuous measurement of vital signs of soldiers via a specialized measurement module with a set of medical sensors. Vital signs values are then transmitted via the communication module to the analysis and inference module, which automatically determines the color of medical triage and the soldier\u2019s chance of survival. This paper presents the results of tests of our system to validate it, which were carried out using test vectors of soldiers\u2019 vital signs, as well as the results of the system\u2019s performance on a group of volunteers who performed typical activities of tactical operations. The results of this study showed the usefulness of the developed system for supporting military medical services in military operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T14:15:49Z","timestamp":1721052949000},"page":"4581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Smart Medical Evacuation Support System for the Military"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4405-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Krygier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwester Kaliski Str. No. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1748-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Lubkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwester Kaliski Str. No. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9941-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Maslanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwester Kaliski Str. No. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej P.","family":"Dobrowolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwester Kaliski Str. No. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Mrozek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwester Kaliski Str. No. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Znaniecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TELDAT Sp. z o.o. sp.k, Cicha 19-27, 85-650 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Oskwarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubkowski, P., Krygier, J., Sondej, T., Dobrowolski, A.P., Apiecionek, L., Znaniecki, W., and Oskwarek, P. (2023). Decision Support System Proposal for Medical Evacuations in Military Operations. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115144"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Turek, M. (2022). In the Moment (ITM), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Edge Hill University (2023). ATRACT: A Trustworthy Robotic Autonomous System to Support Casualty Triage, UK Research and Innovation Grant."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Andres, J., and Drwi\u0142a, R. (2023). Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine, Blood Work (Intensywna Terapia, Medycyna Ratunkowa, Krwiolecznictwo), Polish Resuscitation Council. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, S., Bresch, E., Muehlsteff, J., Schmitt, L., Long, X., Bezemer, R., Paulussen, I., Noordergraaf, G.J., and Aarts, R.M. (2023). Systolic blood pressure estimation using ECG and PPG in patients undergoing surgery. Biomed. Signal Process. Control., 79.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104040"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastegar, S., Gholam Hosseini, H., and Lowe, A. (2023). Hybrid CNN-SVR Blood Pressure Estimation Model Using ECG and PPG Signals. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031259"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, G., Chen, Y., Zhu, W., Zheng, L., Tang, H., Yu, Y., and Wang, L. (2022). Evaluating and Visualizing the Contribution of ECG Characteristic Waveforms for PPG-Based Blood Pressure Estimation. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13091438"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.07.062","article-title":"The Emergency Department Systolic Blood Pressure Relationship After Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"257","author":"Asmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e938570","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.938570","article-title":"Usability Study on Patient Monitoring Systems: An Evaluation of a User Interface Based on User Experience and Preference","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvdhj.2024.02.002","article-title":"Performance comparison of 6 in-hospital patient monitoring systems in the detection and alarm of ventricular cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"5","author":"Cosentino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Digit. Health, J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23411","DOI":"10.2196\/23411","article-title":"Use of Fitbit Devices in Physical Activity Intervention Studies Across the Life Course: Narrative Review","volume":"9","author":"Leite","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25289","DOI":"10.2196\/25289","article-title":"Using Fitbit as an mHealth Intervention Tool to Promote Physical Activity: Potential Challenges and Solutions","volume":"9","author":"Balbim","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davoudi, A., Urbanek, J.K., Etzkorn, L., Parikh, R., Soliman, E.Z., Wanigatunga, A.A., Gabriel, K.P., Coresh, J., Schrack, J.A., and Chen, L.Y. (2024). Validation of a Zio XT Patch Accelerometer for the Objective Assessment of Physical Activity in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24030761"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alugubelli, N., Abuissa, H., and Roka, A. (2022). Wearable Devices for Remote Monitoring of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability\u2014What We Know and What Is Coming. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228903"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Architecture Capability Team, Consultation, Command & Control Board (2023, April 24). NATO Architecture Framework Version 4. January 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.nato.int\/nato_static_fl2014\/assets\/pdf\/2021\/1\/pdf\/NAFv4_2020.09.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotwal, R.S., Butler, F.K., Montgomery, H.R., Brunstetter, T.J., Diaz, G.Y., Kirkpatrick, J.W., Summers, N.L., Shackelford, S.A., Holcomb, J.B., and Bailey, J.A. (2013). The Tactical Combat Casualty Care, TCCC Guidelines\u2014Proposed Change 1301, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam.","DOI":"10.55460\/7DN3-A0JX"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2021.11.001","article-title":"Validation of a new device for photoplethysmographic measurement of multi-site arterial pulse wave velocity","volume":"41","author":"Sondej","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110329","article-title":"Influence of cuff pressures of automatic sphygmomanometers on pulse oximetry measurements","volume":"187","author":"Sondej","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jannasz, I., Sondej, T., Targowski, T., Ma\u0144czak, M., Obia\u0142a, K., Dobrowolski, A., and Olszewski, R. (Sensors, 2023). Relationship between the Central and Regional Pulse Wave Velocity in the Assessment of Arterial Stiffness Depending on Gender in the Geriatric Population, Sensors.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135823"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105309","article-title":"Is the association between pulse wave velocity and bone mineral density the same for men and women?\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Jannasz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, March 19). Multidomain HMS C3IS JASMINE. Available online: https:\/\/defence24.com\/industry\/multidomain-hms-c3is-jasmine."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Apiecionek, \u0141., Palka, R., Znaniecki, W., Wosi\u0144ski, K., and Biedziak, M. (2022). Selected TELDAT\u2019s Research and Development Projects Implemented for State Security [in] Praxeology in Security Sciences. Praxeology of Cooperation between Entities Responsible for Security in Crisis Situations. Scientific Publishing House of the Kalisz Academy. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"46","article-title":"Survival probability function as a supporting element in automated triage system on the battlefield","volume":"4","author":"Dobrowolski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saf. Eng. Anthropog. Facil."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"169","article-title":"The Criteria for IoT Architecture Development, Image Processing and Communications Challenges","volume":"Volume 892","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference, IP&C\u20192018"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Soliman, K.S. (2021, January 30\u201331). ICT IoT Military Nodes\u2014Experiences from Real-World Deployment, [in] Innovation Management and information Technology impact on Global Economy in the Era of Pandemic. Proceedings of the 37th International Business Information Management Association Conference (IBIMA), Cordoba, Spain."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4581\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:17:07Z","timestamp":1760109427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/14\/4581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s24144581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24144581","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]}}}