{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:54:38Z","timestamp":1767084878821,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61703343","62371398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61703343","62371398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming at tracking sharply maneuvering targets, this paper develops novel variational adaptive state estimators for joint target state and process noise parameter estimation for a class of linear state-space models with abruptly changing parameters. By combining variational inference with change-point detection in an online Bayesian fashion, two adaptive estimators\u2014a change-point-based adaptive Kalman filter (CPAKF) and a change-point-based adaptive Kalman smoother (CPAKS)\u2014are proposed in a recursive detection and estimation process. In each iteration, the run-length probability of the current maneuver mode is first calculated, and then the joint posterior of the target state and process noise parameter conditioned on the run length is approximated by variational inference. Compared with existing variational noise-adaptive Kalman filters, the proposed methods are robust to initial iterative value settings, improving their capability of tracking sharply maneuvering targets. Meanwhile, the change-point detection divides the non-stationary time sequence into several stationary segments, allowing for an adaptive sliding length in the CPAKS method. The tracking performance of the proposed methods is investigated using both synthetic and real-world datasets of maneuvering targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T15:17:06Z","timestamp":1721056626000},"page":"4585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Noise-Adaptive State Estimators with Change-Point Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8231-0648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8472-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinjie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4670-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bar-Shalom, Y., Li, X.R., and Kirubarajan, T. 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