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This study aimed to elucidate the neural dynamics underlying users\u2019 perceptual and emotional responses to robots with varying levels of anthropomorphism. We investigated event-related potentials (ERPs) and event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) elicited while participants viewed, perceived, and rated the affection of robots with low (L-AR), medium (M-AR), and high (H-AR) levels of anthropomorphism. EEG data were recorded from 42 participants. Results revealed that H-AR induced a more negative N1 and increased frontal theta power, but decreased P2 in early time windows. Conversely, M-AR and L-AR elicited larger P2 compared to H-AR. In later time windows, M-AR generated greater late positive potential (LPP) and enhanced parietal-occipital theta oscillations than H-AR and L-AR. These findings suggest distinct neural processing phases: early feature detection and selective attention allocation, followed by later affective appraisal. Early detection of facial form and animacy, with P2 reflecting higher-order visual processing, appeared to correlate with anthropomorphism levels. This research advances the understanding of emotional processing in anthropomorphic robot design and provides valuable insights for robot designers and manufacturers regarding emotional and feature design, evaluation, and promotion of anthropomorphic robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T14:55:47Z","timestamp":1721832947000},"page":"4809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["How the Degree of Anthropomorphism of Human-like Robots Affects Users\u2019 Perceptual and Emotional Processing: Evidence from an EEG Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3419-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinchun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Suyuan Avenue 79, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Suyuan Avenue 79, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Suyuan Avenue 79, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2976-5763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzhe","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Suyuan Avenue 79, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Chengqi","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Suyuan Avenue 79, Nanjing 211189, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Assistive Social Robots in Elderly Care: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Broekens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontechnol. 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