{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T23:36:16Z","timestamp":1772580976546,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of applications of low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) has been growing quite considerably in the past few years and so has the number of protocol stacks. Despite this fact, there is still no fully open LPWAN protocol stack available to the public, which limits the flexibility and ease of integration of the existing ones. The closest to being fully open is LoRa; however, only its medium access control (MAC) layer, known as LoRaWAN, is open and its physical and logical link control layers, also known as LoRa PHY, are still only partially understood. In this paper, the essential missing aspects of LoRa PHY are not only reverse engineered, but also, a new design of the transceiver and its sub-components are proposed and implemented in a modular and flexible way using GNU Radio. Finally, some examples of applications of both the transceiver and its components, which are made to be run in a simple setup by using cheap and widely available off-the-shelf hardware, are given to show how the library can be used and extended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T08:40:04Z","timestamp":1721896804000},"page":"4825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Software-Defined Radio Implementation of a LoRa Transceiver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8223-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"de Omena Simas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7714-9191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Gaetano","family":"Riviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Garello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, June 26). The LoRa Alliance Technical Committee LoRaWAN\u2122 1.1 Specification. Available online: https:\/\/resources.lora-alliance.org\/technical-specifications\/lorawan-specification-v1-1."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Knight, M., and Seeber, B. (2016, January 12\u201316). Decoding LoRa: Realizing a Modern LPWAN with SDR. Proceedings of the GNU Radio Conference 2016, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robyns, P., Quax, P., Lamotte, W., and Thenaers, W. (2018, January 19\u201321). A Multi-Channel Software Decoder for the LoRa Modulation Scheme. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security, Funchal, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006668400410051"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanaatian, R., Afisiadis, O., Cotting, M., and Burg, A. (2019, January 12\u201317). Lora Digital Receiver Analysis and Implementation. 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Current State of Hardware and Tooling for SDR. Proceedings of the Seminar Innovative Internet Technologies and Mobile Communications (IITM), Munich, Germany."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4825\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:23:09Z","timestamp":1760109789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4825"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24154825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24154825","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]}}}