{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:18:14Z","timestamp":1775852294744,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ethanol sensors have found extensive applications across various industries, including the chemical, environmental, transportation, and healthcare sectors. With increasing demands for enhanced performance and reduced energy consumption, there is a growing need for developing new ethanol sensors. Micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) devices offer promising prospects in gas sensor applications due to their compact size, low power requirements, and seamless integration capabilities. In this study, SnO2-TiO2 nanocomposites with varying molar ratios of SnO2 and TiO2 were synthesized via ball milling and then printed on MEMS chips for ethanol sensing using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing. The study indicates that the two metal oxides dispersed evenly, resulting in a well-formed gas-sensitive film. The SnO2-TiO2 composite exhibits the best performance at a molar ratio of 1:1, with a response value of 25.6 to 50 ppm ethanol at 288 \u00b0C. This value is 7.2 times and 1.8 times higher than that of single SnO2 and TiO2 gas sensors, respectively. The enhanced gas sensitivity can be attributed to the increased surface reactive oxygen species and optimized material resistance resulting from the chemical and electronic effects of the composite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T13:04:59Z","timestamp":1721999099000},"page":"4866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Electrohydrodynamic-Jet-Printed SnO2-TiO2-Composite-Based Microelectromechanical Systems Sensor with Enhanced Ethanol Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Danyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongqi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menghan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-9687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jilin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0018-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2023.112457","article-title":"Advances in the development of MOS-based sensors for detection of ethanol: A review","volume":"168","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.08.025","article-title":"Transfer of preheat-treated SnO2 via a sacrificial bridge-type ZnO layer for ethanol gas sensor","volume":"255","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.129531","article-title":"Highly sensitive ethanol gas sensor based on CuO\/ZnSnO3 heterojunction composites","volume":"291","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.04.140","article-title":"In situ synthesis of flower-like ZnO on GaN using electrodeposition and its application as ethanol gas sensor at room temperature","volume":"292","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2020.114843","article-title":"Enhanced sensing of ethanol gas using fiber optics sensor by hydrothermally synthesized GO-WO3 nanocomposites","volume":"263","author":"Kamalam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2024.173742","article-title":"High-performance ethanol gas sensor with fast response\/recovery rate based on the construction of SnO2-CdS heterojunction","volume":"981","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1007\/s12598-021-01937-4","article-title":"Recent advances in ethanol gas sensors based on metal oxide semiconductor heterojunctions","volume":"41","author":"Gai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rare Met."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.06.049","article-title":"Fabrication of iron-doped titanium dioxide quantum dots\/molybdenum disulfide nanoflower for ethanol gas sensing","volume":"529","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125502","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/12\/125502","article-title":"Mask-less deposition of Au\u2013SnO2 nanocomposites on CMOS MEMS platform for ethanol detection","volume":"27","author":"Santra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.18794","article-title":"Oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO nanorods-based MEMS sensors for swift trace ethanol recognition","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.01.148","article-title":"Highly sensitive and low detection limit of ethanol gas sensor based on hollow ZnO\/SnO2 spheres composite material","volume":"245","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2019.2914271","article-title":"A low power cantilever-based metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor","volume":"40","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18368","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3088440","article-title":"Research of low-power MEMS-based micro hotplates gas sensor: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c04340","article-title":"Sensitive and low-power metal oxide gas sensors with a low-cost microelectromechanical heater","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3390\/s150101623","article-title":"Ethanol microsensors with a readout circuit manufactured using the CMOS-MEMS technique","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.12.045","article-title":"Comparison of gas sensor performance of SnO2 nano-structures on microhotplate platforms","volume":"165","author":"Andio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385503","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/38\/385503","article-title":"A new method to integrate ZnO nano-tetrapods on MEMS micro-hotplates for large scale gas sensor production","volume":"27","author":"Marasso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.133555","article-title":"Inkjet-printed ZnO-based MEMS sensor array combined with feature selection algorithm for VOCs gas analysis","volume":"382","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39601","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c11133","article-title":"Stability Bounds for Micron Scale Ag Conductor Lines Produced by Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet Printing","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202673","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202202673","article-title":"Electrohydrodynamically printed high-resolution arrays based on stabilized CsPbBr3 quantum dot inks","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5681","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c00473","article-title":"Direct patterning of perovskite nanocrystals on nanophotonic cavities with electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2023.116841","article-title":"Inkjet printing technique for membrane fabrication and modification: A review","volume":"565","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9103","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3255258","article-title":"Preparation of gas sensors by hollow SnO2 electrospun nanofibers","volume":"23","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/i2017-11581-x","article-title":"High-performance ethanol gas sensor using TiO2 nanostructures","volume":"132","author":"Priyanka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Plus"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315502","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/31\/315502","article-title":"Minimal cross-sensitivity to humidity during ethanol detection by SnO2\u2013TiO2 solid solutions","volume":"20","author":"Tricoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.06.120","article-title":"Remarkably enhanced hydrogen sensing of highly-ordered SnO2-decorated TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"273","author":"Xun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.161299","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of SnO2-CuO composite nanoparticles as a fast-response ethanol gas sensor","volume":"886","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130733","article-title":"Highly selective detection of acetone by TiO2-SnO2 heterostructures for environmental biomarkers of diabetes","volume":"349","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.11.058","article-title":"TiO2\u2013SnO2 nanostructures and their H2 sensing behavior","volume":"108","author":"Carney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.08.035","article-title":"Preparation of anatase\/rutile TiO\u2082\/SnO\u2082 hollow heterostructures for gas sensor","volume":"769","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.127924","article-title":"Co-sputtered Pd\/SnO2: NiO heterostructured sensing films for MEMS-based ethanol sensors","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Li, R., Feng, L., and Xu, J. (2022). The SnO2\/MXene composite ethanol sensor based on MEMS platform. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10030109"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2022.111620","article-title":"Influence of multi-layer TiO2\/SnO2 heterojunctions on fast and sensitive ethanol detection","volume":"207","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sse.2012.05.062","article-title":"Synthesis and ethanol sensing properties of SnO2 nanosheets via a simple hydrothermal route","volume":"76","author":"Lou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Solid State Electron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-020-3269-3","article-title":"Sensitive cross-linked SnO2: NiO networks for MEMS com-patible ethanol gas sensors","volume":"15","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.151983","article-title":"Optimal Pt mesoporous layer modified nanocomposite film with highly sensitive detection of ethanol at low temperature","volume":"578","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.08.216","article-title":"Efficient hierarchical mixed Pd\/SnO2 porous architecture deposited microheater for low power ethanol gas sensor","volume":"225","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.12.052","article-title":"Ag@ SnO2 core\u2013shell material for use in fast-response ethanol sensor at room operating temperature","volume":"178","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.113127","article-title":"The recent development of metal oxide heterostructures based gas sensor, their future opportunities and challenges: A review","volume":"332","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10727","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NJ00578J","article-title":"Photochemical fabrication of defect-abundant Pd\/SnO2 with promoted performance for dioctyl phthalate gas sensing","volume":"47","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126845","article-title":"Role of oxygen vacancies in nanostructured metal-oxide gas sensors: A review","volume":"301","author":"Akbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2023.112440","article-title":"MOF-derived SnO2@ ZnO ethanol sensors with en-hanced gas sensing properties","volume":"216","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Wang, D., Jia, R., and Huang, L. (2024). SnO2\/Au Microelectromechanical Systems Modified by Oxygen Vacancies for Enhanced Sensing of Dioctyl Phthalate. ChemPlusChem, e202400116.","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202400116"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, M., Yan, Y., Yang, J., Liu, X., Jia, R., Ge, Y., Li, Z., and Huang, L. (2024). In Situ-Derived N-Doped ZnO from ZIF-8 for Enhanced Ethanol Sensing in ZnO\/MEMS Devices. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29081703"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4866\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:24:32Z","timestamp":1760109872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24154866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24154866","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]}}}