{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:10:42Z","timestamp":1777043442211,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Military University of Technology","award":["GBMON\/13-996\/2018\/WAT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GBMON\/13-996\/2018\/WAT"]}]},{"name":"Military University of Technology","award":["UGB 755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 755"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an energy-efficient and high-accuracy sampling synchronization approach for real-time synchronous data acquisition in wireless sensor networks (saWSNs). A proprietary protocol based on time-division multiple access (TDMA) and deep energy-efficient coding in sensor firmware is proposed. A real saWSN model based on 2.4 GHz nRF52832 system-on-chip (SoC) sensors was designed and experimentally tested. The obtained results confirmed significant improvements in data synchronization accuracy (even by several times) and power consumption (even by a hundred times) compared to other recently reported studies. The results demonstrated a sampling synchronization accuracy of 0.8 \u03bcs and ultra-low power consumption of 15 \u03bcW per 1 kb\/s throughput for data. The protocol was well designed, stable, and importantly, lightweight. The complexity and computational performance of the proposed scheme were small. The CPU load for the proposed solution was &lt;2% for a sampling event handler below 200 Hz. Furthermore, the transmission reliability was high with a packet error rate (PER) not exceeding 0.18% for TXPWR \u2265 \u22124 dBm and 0.03% for TXPWR \u2265 3 dBm. The efficiency of the proposed protocol was compared with other solutions presented in the manuscript. While the number of new proposals is large, the technical advantage of our solution is significant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T14:39:08Z","timestamp":1722004748000},"page":"4871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ultra-Low-Power Sensor Nodes for Real-Time Synchronous and High-Accuracy Timing Wireless Data Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Sondej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7457-4045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Bednarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/s90100056","article-title":"Clock Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Overview","volume":"9","author":"Rhee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.938757","article-title":"Clock Synchronization of Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. 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