{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:55:28Z","timestamp":1782860128229,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IT&amp;T Endowment Fund"},{"name":"PIEAS"},{"name":"Higher Education Commission (HEC)"},{"name":"National Center for Cyber Security (NCCS)"},{"name":"Cyber Security Centre, University of Warwick, United Kingdom"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances in connectivity, communication, computation, and algorithms are driving a revolution that will bring economic and social benefits through smart technologies of the Industry 4.0 era. At the same time, attackers are targeting this expanded cyberspace to exploit it. Therefore, many cyberattacks are reported each year at an increasing rate. Traditional security devices such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDSs), intrusion prevention systems (IPSs), anti-viruses, and the like, often cannot detect sophisticated cyberattacks. The security information and event management (SIEM) system has proven to be a very effective security tool for detecting and mitigating such cyberattacks. A SIEM system provides a holistic view of the security status of a corporate network by analyzing log data from various network devices. The correlation engine is the most important module of the SIEM system. In this study, we propose the optimized correlator (OC), a novel correlation engine that replaces the traditional regex matching sub-module with a novel high-performance multiple regex matching library called \u201cHyperscan\u201d for parallel log data scanning to improve the performance of the SIEM system. Log files of 102 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, and 1024 MB, generated from log data received from various devices in the network, are input into the OC and simple event correlator (SEC) for applying correlation rules. The results indicate that OC is 21 times faster than SEC in real-time response and 2.5 times more efficient in execution time. Furthermore, OC can detect multi-layered attacks successfully.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1722256063000},"page":"4901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Revolutionizing SIEM Security: An Innovative Correlation Engine Design for Multi-Layered Attack Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5263-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sheeraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8026-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Hanif","family":"Durad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Arsalan","family":"Paracha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Muhammad","family":"Mohsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"},{"name":"College of Intellectual Novitiates (COIN), Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore 55150, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4758-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia Nishat","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Maple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyber Security Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2021.09.016","article-title":"The impact of internet on entrepreneurship","volume":"77","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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