{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T03:10:32Z","timestamp":1768965032874,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["DM 737\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM 737\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of magnetic nanoparticles in a liquid medium and the quantification of their concentration have the potential to improve the efficiency of several relevant applications in different fields, including medicine, environmental remediation, and mechanical engineering. To this end, sensors based on the magneto-impedance effect have attracted much attention due to their high sensitivity to the stray magnetic field generated by magnetic nanoparticles, their simple fabrication process, and their relatively low cost. To improve the sensitivity of these sensors, a multidisciplinary approach is required to study a wide range of soft magnetic materials as sensing elements and to customize the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. The combination of magneto-impedance sensors with ad hoc microfluidic systems favors the design of integrated portable devices with high specificity towards magnetic ferrofluids, allowing the use of very small sample volumes and making measurements faster and more reliable. In this work, a magneto-impedance sensor based on an amorphous Fe73.5Nb3Cu1Si13.5B9 wire as the sensing element is integrated into a customized millifluidic chip. The sensor detects the presence of magnetic nanoparticles in the ferrofluid and distinguishes the different stray fields generated by single-domain superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles or magnetically blocked Co-ferrite nanoparticles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1722256063000},"page":"4902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microfluidic Detection of SPIONs and Co-Ferrite Ferrofluid Using Amorphous Wire Magneto-Impedance Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3174-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Barrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Celegato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Martella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via N. Carrara, 1, 50019 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2978-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Co\u00efsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2210-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena S.","family":"Olivetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"S\u00f6zeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnetics Laboratory, T\u00dcBITAK Ulusal Metroloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (UME), Gebze Yerle\u015fkesi, 41470 Kocaeli, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4078-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Manzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Tiberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR05841J","article-title":"Ferrofluids and bio-ferrofluids: Looking back and stepping forward","volume":"14","author":"Socoliuc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac137a","article-title":"Advanced biomedical applications of iron oxide nanostructures based ferrofluids","volume":"32","author":"Imran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2022.102810","article-title":"Magnetic nanofluids (Ferrofluids): Recent advances, applications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"311","author":"Philip","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c05631","article-title":"Approaches on ferrofluid synthesis and applications: Current status and future perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Oehlsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2009.047","article-title":"Magnetic characterization and interaction modeling of zerovalent iron nanoparticles for the remediation of contaminated aquifers","volume":"9","author":"Coisson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govan, J. (2020). Recent advances in magnetic nanoparticles and nanocomposites for the remediation of water resources. Magnetochemistry, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/magnetochemistry6040049"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liosis, C., Papadopoulou, A., Karvelas, E., Karakasidis, T.E., and Sarris, I.E. (2021). Heavy metal adsorption using magnetic nanoparticles for water purification: A critical review. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247500"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.101924","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles, and their applications in wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"24","author":"Shukla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.09.050","article-title":"Recent advances in synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanoparticles for contaminated water treatment-A review","volume":"47","author":"Punia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00053","article-title":"Understanding nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms to inform redesign strategies to reduce environmental impact","volume":"52","author":"Buchman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accounts Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitu, S.A., Ahmed, K., and Bui, F.M. (2023). Magnetic biosensors. Biosensors Nanotechnology, Scrivener Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394167135.ch10"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.202000353","article-title":"The progress of magnetic sensor applied in biomedicine: A review of non-invasive techniques and sensors","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chin. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, V.O., Hwang, K.Y., Nguyen, D., Rahman, Y., Albrecht, C., Senator, B., Thiabgoh, O., Devkota, J., Bui, V.D.A., and Lam, D.S. (2022). Magnetoimpedance biosensors and real-time healthcare monitors: Progress, opportunities, and challenges. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12070517"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2021.102380","article-title":"Biosensing platform on ferrite magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, functionalization, mechanism and applications","volume":"290","author":"Tripathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, J., Zhang, H., and Zheng, J. (2022). Ferrofluids transport in bioinspired nanochannels: Application to electrochemical biosensing with magnetic-controlled detection. Biosens. Bioelectron., 201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.113963"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melnikov, G.Y., Lepalovskij, V.N., Svalov, A.V., Safronov, A.P., and Kurlyandskaya, G.V. (2021). Magnetoimpedance thin film sensor for detecting of stray fields of magnetic particles in blood vessel. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113621"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201900377","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles in microfluidic and sensing: From transport to detection","volume":"41","author":"Khizar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narlawar, S., Coudhury, S., and Gandhi, S. (2022). Magnetic properties-based biosensors for early detection of cancer. Biosensor Based Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823424-2.00010-7"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022005","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-8695\/ac0838","article-title":"Magnetic sensors-A review and recent technologies","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2014.06.016","article-title":"Sensors and biosensors based on magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015046","DOI":"10.1063\/9.0000189","article-title":"Highly-sensitive magnetic sensor for detecting magnetic nanoparticles based on magnetic tunnel junctions at a low static field","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904385","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201904385","article-title":"Advances in the application of magnetic nanoparticles for sensing","volume":"31","author":"Gloag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2020.167148","article-title":"Development of pico tesla resolution amorphous wire magneto-impedance sensor for bio-magnetic field measurements","volume":"514","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-016-1818-3","article-title":"Ultrasensitive detection and quantification of E. coli O157: H7 using a giant magnetoimpedance sensor in an open-surface microfluidic cavity covered with an antibody-modified gold surface","volume":"183","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayad, A., Skafidas, E., and Kwan, P. (2020). Magneto-impedance biosensor sensitivity: Effect and enhancement. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185213"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Arribas, A. (2020). The performance of the magneto-impedance effect for the detection of superparamagnetic particles. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071961"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8701","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2868860","article-title":"Enhanced magnetic nanoparticle detection sensitivity in non-linear magnetoimpedance-based sensor","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.111656","article-title":"A giant magnetoimpedance-based separable-type method for supersensitive detection of 10 magnetic beads at high frequency","volume":"300","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"209","article-title":"Hysteretic Behavior and Anisotropy Fields in the Magneto-Impedance Effect","volume":"302\u2013303","author":"Sinnecker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"693","article-title":"Giant magneto-impedance in soft magnetic Wires","volume":"226\u2013230","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukreev, D.A., Derevyanko, M.S., Moiseev, A.A., Svalov, A.V., and Semirov, A.V. (2022). The study of the distribution of electrical and magnetic properties over the conductor cross-section using magnetoimpedance tomography: Modeling and experiment. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239512"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.06.032","article-title":"Modelling of magnetoimpedance response of thin film sensitive element in the presence of ferrogel: Next step toward development of biosensor for in-tissue embedded magnetic nanoparticles detection","volume":"117","author":"Buznikov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(01)01180-5","article-title":"Giant magnetoimpedance: Concepts and recent progress","volume":"242\u2013245","author":"Knobel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6883","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY01498K","article-title":"A GMI biochip platform based on Co-based amorphous ribbon for the detection of magnetic Dynabeads","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.190.581","article-title":"Magnetic properties and magnetoimpedance of electroplated wires","volume":"190","author":"Kurlyandskaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063784214020248","article-title":"Magnetic impedance of structured film meanders in the presence of magnetic micro-and nanoparticles","volume":"59","author":"Yuvchenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tech. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1571957","article-title":"Giant-magnetoimpedance-based sensitive element as a model for biosensors","volume":"82","author":"Kurlyandskaya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2015.11.029","article-title":"Giant magnetoimpedance effect of Co68. 15 Fe4. 35 Si12. 5 B15 amorphous wire in the presence of magnetite ferrofluid","volume":"415","author":"Amirabadizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c01077","article-title":"Magnetic nanomaterials in microfluidic sensors for virus detection: A review","volume":"4","author":"Mehrbod","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Z., He, J., Li, G., and Xia, L. (2023). Recent Advances in Magnetic Nanoparticles-Assisted Microfluidic Bioanalysis. Chemosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors11030173"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c00271","article-title":"Magnetic Hyperthermia to Promote Acrylamide Radical Polymerizations","volume":"6","author":"Vassallo","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2020.167238","article-title":"Assessment of differential magnetic susceptibility in nanoparticles: Effects of changes in viscosity and immobilisation","volume":"514","author":"Riahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6425(90)90006-U","article-title":"Formation and mechanical properties of Fe- and Co-base amorphous alloy wires produced by in-rotating-water spinning method","volume":"34","author":"Waseda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1109\/20.364811","article-title":"Preparation and Properties of Amorphous Wires","volume":"31","author":"Ogasawara","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2024, June 03). Available online: https:\/\/imagej.net\/ij\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094419","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.88.094419","article-title":"Advanced magnetic anisotropy determination through isothermal remanent magnetization of nanoparticles","volume":"88","author":"Hillion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21834","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR07425B","article-title":"Static magnetization of immobilized, weakly interacting, superparamagnetic nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Elfimova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gubin, S.P. (2009). Magnetic Nanoparticles, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527627561"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Cullity, B.D., and Graham, C.D. (2011). Introduction to Magnetic Materials, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2010.02.040","article-title":"The law of approach to saturation in ferromagnets originating from the magnetocrystalline anisotropy","volume":"322","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2018.02.072","article-title":"Cation distribution effect on static and dynamic magnetic properties of Co1-xZnxFe2O4 ferrite powders","volume":"456","author":"Barrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2018.10.063","article-title":"The influence of synthesis parameters on one-step synthesized superparamagnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with high saturation magnetization","volume":"473","author":"Karaagac","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-8853(90)90121-6","article-title":"A theoretical study of interaction effects on the remanence curves of particulate dispersions","volume":"86","author":"Fearon","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30007","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b09146","article-title":"Dipolar magnetic interactions in Mn-doped magnetite nanoparticles loaded into PLGA nanocapsules for nanomedicine applications","volume":"123","author":"Spizzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5714","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR09121A","article-title":"Mixing iron oxide nanoparticles with different shape and size for tunable magneto-heating performance","volume":"13","author":"Ovejero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203397","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203397","article-title":"Role of dipolar interactions on the determination of the effective magnetic anisotropy in iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Pineiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134017","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/41\/13\/134017","article-title":"Magnetic anisotropy and intergrain interactions in L10 CoPt (1 1 1)\/Pt (1 1 1)\/MgO (1 0 0) PLD granular films with tilted easy axes","volume":"41","author":"Varvaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(77)90108-X","article-title":"Hysteresis properties of titanomagnetites: Grain-size and compositional dependence","volume":"13","author":"Day","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2022.414131","article-title":"Giant magnetoimpedance effect in electrodeposited CoNiFe\/Cu composite wire: Experimental study and analytical modelling","volume":"642","author":"Tandon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2005.09.076","article-title":"Dependence of frequency and amplitude of the ac current on the GMI properties of Co based amorphous wires","volume":"415","author":"Pal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.11.207","article-title":"Microwire array for giant magneto-impedance detection of magnetic particles for biosensor prototype","volume":"311","author":"Chiriac","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruse, J., W\u00f6rner, J., Schneider, J., D\u00f6rksen, H., and Pein-Hackelbusch, M. (2024). Methods for Estimating the Detection and Quantification Limits of Key Substances in Beer Maturation with Electronic Noses. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113520"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.21.167","article-title":"Detection limit estimated from slope of calibration curve: An application to competitive ELISA","volume":"21","author":"Hayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4902\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:25:29Z","timestamp":1760109929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24154902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24154902","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]}}}