{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:04Z","timestamp":1760145424898,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong RGC General Research Fund","award":["11216421","N_HKUST 638\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11216421","N_HKUST 638\/23"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)\/Research Grants Council (RGC) Joint Research Scheme (JRS)","award":["11216421","N_HKUST 638\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11216421","N_HKUST 638\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Timely and accurate detection of viruses is crucial for infection diagnosis and treatment. However, it remains a challenge to develop a portable device that meets the requirement of being portable, powerless, user-friendly, reusable, and low-cost. This work reports a compact \u220530 \u00d7 48 mm portable powerless isothermal amplification detection device (material cost \u223c$1 USD) relying on LAMP (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification). We have proposed chromatographic-strip-based microporous permeation technology which can precisely control the water flow rate to regulate the exothermic reaction. This powerless heating combined with phase-change materials can maintain a constant temperature between 50 and 70 \u00b0C for a duration of up to 49.8 min. Compared with the conventional methods, it avoids the use of an additional insulation layer for heat preservation, greatly reducing the size and cost. We have also deployed a color card and a corresponding algorithm to facilitate color recognition, data analysis, and storage using a mobile phone. The experimental results demonstrate that our device exhibits the same limit of detection (LOD) as the ProFlex PCR for SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus samples, with that for both being 103 copies\/\u03bcL, verifying its effectiveness and reliability. This work offers a timely, low-cost, and easy way for respiratory infectious disease detection, which could provide support in curbing virus transmission and protecting the health of humans and animals, especially in remote mountainous areas without access to electricity or trained professionals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T16:37:17Z","timestamp":1722271037000},"page":"4912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Ultra-Compact and Low-Cost LAMP-Based Virus Detection Device"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6323-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2013-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengrong","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7617-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tieshan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Haoxiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5123-315X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5799-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.11.016","article-title":"Rethinking next-generation vaccines for coronaviruses, influenzaviruses, and other respiratory viruses","volume":"31","author":"Morens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbuBakar, U., Amrani, L., Kamarulzaman, F.A., Karsani, S.A., Hassandarvish, P., and Khairat, J.E. (2023). Avian influenza virus tropism in humans. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202302.0081.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05943-5","article-title":"Critical care management of adults with community-acquired severe respiratory viral infection","volume":"46","author":"Arabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103724","article-title":"Need for effective detection and early warnings for epidemic and pandemic preparedness planning in the context of multi-hazards: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"92","author":"Kamalrathne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade6169","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade6169","article-title":"Balancing economic and epidemiological interventions in the early stages of pathogen emergence","volume":"9","author":"Dobson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naseer, S., Khalid, S., Parveen, S., Abbass, K., Song, H., and Achim, M.V. (2023). COVID-19 outbreak: Impact on global economy. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1009393"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0240","article-title":"The critical role of laboratory medicine during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other viral outbreaks","volume":"58","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (CCLM)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1039\/D4AN00238E","article-title":"Advances in rapid point-of-care virus testing","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Doorn, H.R., and Yu, H. (2020). Viral respiratory infections. Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55512-8.00033-8"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad012","article-title":"Underascertainment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults due to diagnostic testing limitations: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"228","author":"Onwuchekwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24844","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24844","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 rapid anti-gene test in comparison to RT-PCR test as a gold standard test","volume":"37","author":"Abbas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105402","article-title":"Rapid differential diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A\/B and respiratory syncytial viruses: Validation of a novel RT-PCR assay","volume":"161","author":"Domnich","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, J., Tong, J., Li, J., Shao, G., Xie, B., Zhuang, J., Bi, G., and Mu, Y. (2023). A portable, high-throughput real-time quantitative PCR device for point-of-care testing. Anal. Biochem., 674.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2023.115200"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114753","article-title":"Development of a real-time RT-PCR system applicable for rapid and pen-side diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease using a portable device, PicoGene\u00ae PCR1100","volume":"319","author":"Matsui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.102029","article-title":"An ultrafast and portable nucleic acid detection system based on photothermal PCR and real-time fluorescence detection","volume":"53","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"3362","article-title":"A Portable Nucleic Acid Sensor Based on PCR for Simple, Rapid, and Sensitive Testing of Botrytis cinerea in Ginseng","volume":"107","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106926","article-title":"MiniPCR as a portable equipment for the molecular diagnosis of american cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"243","author":"Cossio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201174","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202201174","article-title":"Point-of-Care diagnostic platforms for loop-mediated isothermal amplification","volume":"25","author":"Atceken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camargo, B.D., Cassaboni Stracke, M., Soligo Sanchuki, H.B., de Oliveira, V.K., Ancelmo, H.C., Mozaner Bordin, D., Klerynton Marchini, F., Ribeiro Viana, E., and Blanes, L. (2024). Low-cost Arduino reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) for sensitive nucleic acid detection. Biosensors, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14030128"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300230","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202300230","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Amplification-Based Technologies (NAAT)\u2014Toward Accessible, Autonomous, and Mobile Diagnostics","volume":"8","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55241-z","article-title":"Evaluation of molecular inhibitors of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)","volume":"14","author":"Nwe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1039\/D2LC01156E","article-title":"A digital microfluidic platform coupled with colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification for on-site visual diagnosis of multiple diseases","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202200162","article-title":"Recent advances and challenges in temperature monitoring and control in microfluidic devices","volume":"44","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN00309G","article-title":"Electricity-free chemical heater for isothermal nucleic acid amplification with applications in COVID-19 home testing","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01632","article-title":"Instrument-free point-of-care molecular detection of Zika virus","volume":"88","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2023_107","article-title":"Instrument-free, visual and direct detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in resource-limited settings","volume":"67","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, D., Kim, S., Kim, J.H., Lee, S., Kim, D., Son, J., Kim, D., Cha, B.S., Lee, E.S., and Park, K.S. (2023). Low-temperature loop-mediated isothermal amplification operating at physiological temperature. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13030367"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2024.102225","article-title":"A role of integrated microheaters in a microfluidics based point-of-care-testing and beyond for healthcare applications","volume":"38","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sreejith, K.R., Umer, M., Dirr, L., Bailly, B., Guillon, P., von Itzstein, M., Soda, N., Kasetsirikul, S., Shiddiky, M.J., and Nguyen, N.T. (2021). A portable device for LAMP based detection of SARS-CoV-2. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202107.0640.v1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2144\/btn-2022-0091","article-title":"Mini-thermal platform integrated with microfluidic device with on-site detection for real-time DNA amplification","volume":"74","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.124190","article-title":"Electromechanical RT-LAMP device for portable SARS-CoV-2 detection","volume":"254","author":"Tarim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2017.11.025","article-title":"Handheld isothermal amplification and electrochemical detection of DNA in resource-limited settings","volume":"543","author":"Tsaloglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabh2944","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh2944","article-title":"Minimally instrumented SHERLOCK (miSHERLOCK) for CRISPR-based point-of-care diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120155","article-title":"A wearable microfluidic device for rapid detection of HIV-1 DNA using recombinase polymerase amplification","volume":"205","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.01.073","article-title":"Smart cup: A minimally-instrumented, smartphone-based point-of-care molecular diagnostic device","volume":"229","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e050869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050869","article-title":"Expert elicitation on the relative importance of possible SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes and the effectiveness of mitigations","volume":"11","author":"Freeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caley, P., Marion, G., and Hutchings, M.R. (2009). Assessment of transmission rates and routes, and the implications for management. Management of Disease in Wild Mammals, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-77134-0_3"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2022.101011","article-title":"Computational model development for heat production of Al-CaO flameless ration heaters (FRHs): The effect of temperature, pressure, and pH on the exothermic characteristics","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2020.1738308","article-title":"Wicking and drying behavior of knitted cotton fabrics under modified water drop test","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.46690\/capi.2023.03.01","article-title":"The effect of fibre swelling on fluid flow in cotton fabrics: An experimental study","volume":"6","author":"Salokhe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Capillarity"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2021.1875351","article-title":"Thermo-physiological comfort of half bleached woven fabrics made from different cotton yarns parameters","volume":"19","author":"Atalie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012038","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/858\/1\/012038","article-title":"The analytical and numerical solutions of two dimensional heat transfer equation in a multilayered composite cylinder","volume":"858","author":"Alaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-021-4883-7","article-title":"A smartphone-based calibration-free portable urinalysis device","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cent. S. Univ."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4912\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:25:56Z","timestamp":1760109956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24154912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24154912","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]}}}