{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:45:24Z","timestamp":1781019924852,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of the State Grid Corporation of China","award":["520627230016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["520627230016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-temperature wireless sensing is crucial for monitoring combustion chambers and turbine stators in aeroengines, where surface temperatures can reach up to 1200 \u00b0C. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) temperature sensors are an excellent choice for these measurements. However, at extreme temperatures, they face issues such as agglomeration and recrystallization of electrodes, leading to loss of conductivity and reduced quality factor, hindering effective wireless signal transmission. This study develops an LGS SAW sensor with a Pt-10%Rh\/Zr\/Pt-10%Rh\/Zr\/Pt-10%Rh\/Zr multilayer composite electrode structure to address these challenges. We demonstrate that the sensor can achieve wireless temperature measurements from room temperature to 1200 \u00b0C with an accuracy of 1.59%. The composite electrodes excite a quasi-shear wave on the LGS substrate, maintaining a Q-factor of 3526 at room temperature, providing an initial assurance for the strength of the wireless interrogation echo signal. The sensor operates stably for 2.18 h at 1200 \u00b0C before adhesion loss between the composite electrode and the substrate causes a sudden increase in resonant frequency. This study highlights the durability of the proposed electrode materials and structure at extreme temperatures and suggests future research to improve adhesion and extend the sensor\u2019s lifespan, thereby enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of high-temperature wireless sensing in aerospace applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T15:25:23Z","timestamp":1722353123000},"page":"4945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors for Wireless Temperature Measurements above 1200 Degree Celsius"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4464-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyu","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Institute of HIWING Technology Academy, Beijing 100074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jikai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3846-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiabao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro-Nano Fabrication Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9798-5149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Li, Y.S., Li, C.S., Kong, F.S., and Cao, S.C. (June, January 31). Analysis of Common Fault Diagnosis Methods for Aeroengine. Proceedings of the Prognostics and Health Management Conference, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"436","article-title":"High Temperature Protective Coatings for Aeroengine Applications","volume":"23","author":"Jopek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/abda96","article-title":"Surface temperature condition monitoring methods for aerospace turbomachinery: Exploring the use of ultrasonic guided waves","volume":"32","author":"Yule","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113657","article-title":"Advances in the surface acoustic wave sensors for industrial applications: Potentials, challenges, and future directions: A review","volume":"222","author":"Aslam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, D., and Banerjee, S. (2022). Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors: Physics, Materials, and Applications. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030820"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Hauden, D., Michel, M., and Gagnepain, J. (June, January 31). Higher order temperature coefficients of quartz SAW oscillators. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Frequency Control Symposium, Atlantic City, NJ, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1976.10205","article-title":"Surface-acoustic-wave pressure and temperature sensors","volume":"64","author":"Reeder","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.01.038","article-title":"Fabrication of high temperature surface acoustic wave devices for sensor applications","volume":"123\u2013124","author":"Hamidon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A-Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Moreira, A.D.L., Bartasyte, A., Belharet, D., Soumann, V., Margueron, S., and Broenner, A. (2021, January 11\u201316). Stabilized Pt Interdigitated Electrodes for High- Temperature SAW Sensors. Proceedings of the IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IEEE IUS), Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/ac88dc","article-title":"Fabrication of grooved LGS resonators based high temperature SAW sensors and analysis with FEM simulation","volume":"32","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.126697","article-title":"High-temperature Pt-Al2O3 composite nano-thick interdigital electrodes for surface acoustic wave sensors","volume":"291","author":"Pei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.08.025","article-title":"Aluminum based high temperature thin film electrode system for wireless sensors","volume":"26","author":"Seifert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol-JMRT"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francois, B., Sakharov, S., Droit, C., Davis, Z., Richter, D., Fritze, H., Martin, G., Friedt, J.M., Plessky, V.P., and Bruckner, G. (2012, January 9\u201312). Wireless Temperature Measurements above 500 degrees C using Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors. Proceedings of the 26th European Conference on Solid-State Transducers (Eurosensors), Wroclaw Univ Technol, Fac Microsystem Elect & Photon, Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.09.374"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2012.2190","article-title":"Langasite surface acoustic wave sensors: Fabrication and testing","volume":"59","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.01.028","article-title":"Concrete temperature monitoring using passive wireless surface acoustic wave sensor system","volume":"224","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.12.034","article-title":"High temperature packaging for surface acoustic wave transducers acting as passive wireless sensors","volume":"224","author":"Friedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2015.2482985","article-title":"A Wireless and Passive Online Temperature Monitoring System for GIS Based on Surface-Acoustic-Wave Sensor","volume":"31","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R3","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-396X(199709)163:1<R3::AID-PSSA99993>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Langasite for High Temperature Surface Acoustic Wave Applications","volume":"163","author":"Hornsteiner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi Appl. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(95)01002-5","article-title":"Growth and characterization of lanthanum gallium silicate La3Ga5SiO14 single crystals for piezoelectric applications","volume":"163","author":"Shimamura","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.2210800142","article-title":"Investigation of trigonal (La1\u2212xNdx)3Ga5SiO14 crystals. I. Growth and optical Properties","volume":"80","author":"Kaminskii","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Stat. Sol. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roshchupkin, D., and Kovalev, D. (2023). Coefficients of Thermal Expansion in La3Ga5SiO14 and Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 Crystals. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.0183.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Chai, B., Lefaucheur, J.L., Ji, Y.Y., and Qiu, H. (1998, January 29\u201329). Growth and evaluation of large size LGS (La3Ga5SiO14) LGN (La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14) & LGT (La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14) single crystals. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (Cat. No.98CH36165), Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-070511-155048","article-title":"Solid-state dewetting of thin films","volume":"42","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter, D., Sakharov, S., Fors\u00e9n, E., Mayer, E., Reindl, L., and Fritze, H. (2011, January 4\u20137). Thin Film Electrodes for High Temperature Surface Acoustic Wave Devices. Proceedings of the 25th Eurosensors Conference, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.12.042"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Cunha, M.P.d., Moonlight, T., Lad, R., Bernhardt, G., and Frankel, D.J. (2007, January 28\u201331). P4L-1 Enabling Very High Temperature Acoustic Wave Devices for Sensor & Frequency Control Applications. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G. (2022). Bulk and Surface Acoustic Waves: Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications, Jenny Stanford Publishing. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003256625"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18022","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3292360","article-title":"Flexible Langasite-Based Surface Acoustic Wave Strain Sensor for High-Temperature Operation","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Jin, H., Dong, S., Song, X., Chen, J., Xuan, W., Huang, S., Shi, L., and Luo, J. (2020). Mode Analysis of Pt\/LGS Surface Acoustic Wave Devices. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247111"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2011.2094","article-title":"Analysis of interaction between two SAW modes in Pt grating on langasite cut (0\u00b0, 138.5\u00b0, 26.6\u00b0)","volume":"58","author":"Naumenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X.-C., Chen, Z.-J., Huang, X., Ruan, P., and Jiang, L. (2013, January 25\u201327). Design of helical antenna for SAW passive wireless temperature sensor. Proceedings of the 2013 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications, Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWDA.2013.6841104"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.112015","article-title":"Development of a wireless and passive temperature-compensated SAW strain sensor","volume":"308","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moulzolf, S., Frankel, D., Pereira da Cunha, M., and Lad, R. (2013, January 24\u201326). Electrically conductive Pt-Rh\/ZrO2 and Pt-Rh\/HfO2 nanocomposite electrodes for high temperature harsh environment sensors. Proceedings of the SPIE Microtechnologies, Grenoble, France.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2017596"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behanan, R., Moulzolf, S.C., Call, M., Bernhardt, G., Frankel, D., Lad, R.J., and Cunha, M.P.d. (2013, January 21\u201325). Thin films and techniques for SAW sensor operation above 1000 \u00b0C. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2013.0260"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20336","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3208242","article-title":"Strategies for Giant Mass Sensitivity Using Super-High-Frequency Acoustic Waves","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Reindl, L., Shrena, I., Kenshil, S., and Peter, R. (2003, January 4\u20138). Wireless measurement of temperature using surface acoustic waves sensors. Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition Jointly with the 17th European Frequency and Time Forum, Tampa, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2241052","article-title":"Wireless Surface Acoustic Wave Pressure and Temperature Sensor with Unique Identification Based on LiNbO3","volume":"13","author":"Binder","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, H.C., Hung, S.S., Chen, Y.H., and Tsai, M.H. (2015, January 25\u201326). A Wireless Surface Acoustic Wave-based Tire Pressure and Temperature Sensing Module. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Engineering for Mechanics and Material, Huhhot, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/icimm-15.2015.83"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4945\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:26:44Z","timestamp":1760110004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24154945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24154945","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]}}}