{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:19:55Z","timestamp":1777565995241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016028","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia Valenciana de la Innovaci\u00f3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INNEST\/2021\/365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INNEST\/2021\/365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016028","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia Valenciana de la Innovaci\u00f3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AP2022_05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP2022_05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"POLISABIO","award":["INNEST\/2021\/365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INNEST\/2021\/365"]}]},{"name":"POLISABIO","award":["AP2022_05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP2022_05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent complication of chronic diabetes mellitus and has a significant impact on quality of life. DPN typically manifests itself as a symmetrical, length-dependent sensorimotor polyneuropathy with severe effects on gait. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a valuable low-cost tool for assessing muscle activation patterns and precise identification of abnormalities. For the present study, we used information theory methods, such as cross-correlation (CC), normalized mutual information (NMI), conditional granger causality (CG-Causality), and transfer entropy (TE), to evaluate muscle network connectivity in three population groups: 33 controls (healthy volunteers, CT), 10 diabetic patients with a low risk of DPN (LW), and 17 moderate\/high risk patients (MH). The results obtained indicated significant alterations in the intermuscular coupling mechanisms due to diabetes and DPN, with the TE group showing the best performance in detecting differences. The data revealed a significant increase in information transfer and muscle connectivity in the LW group over the CT group, while the MH group obtained significantly lower values for these metrics than the other two groups. These findings highlight the sEMG coupling metrics\u2019 potential to reveal neuromuscular mechanisms that could aid the development of targeted rehabilitation strategies and help monitor DPN patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1722412947000},"page":"4954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Muscle Network Connectivity Study in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6755-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Junquera-Godoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda (Ci2B), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9133-3123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds","family":"Martinez-De-Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda (Ci2B), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Lorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda (Ci2B), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6524-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Carot-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estad\u00edstica e Investigaci\u00f3n Operativa Aplicadas y Calidad, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1309-2368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Gomis-Tena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda (Ci2B), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9850-0825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Saiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda (Ci2B), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9740-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Departamento Salud Elche Hospital General de FISABIO, 03203 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4407-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Pertusa-Maz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Departamento Salud Elche Hospital General de FISABIO, 03203 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8543-4865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Soler-Climent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermer\u00eda-Fisioterapia, Departamento Salud Elche Hospital General de FISABIO, 03203 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9362-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Prats-Boluda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda (Ci2B), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2013.12.005","article-title":"Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Current Perspective and Future Directions","volume":"80","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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