{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:38:02Z","timestamp":1777657082006,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AFB992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFB992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HBSEES202315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBSEES202315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System","award":["2023AFB992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFB992"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System","award":["HBSEES202315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBSEES202315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A lightning current measurement method using a Rogowski coil based on an integral circuit with low-frequency attenuation feedback was proposed to address the issue of low-frequency distortion in the measurement of lightning currents on transmission lines using Rogowski coils. Firstly, the causes of low-frequency distortion in lightning current measurements using Rogowski coils were analyzed from the perspective of frequency domains. On this basis, an integration correction optimization circuit with a low-frequency attenuation feedback network was designed to correct the low-frequency distortion. The optimized integration circuit can also reduce the impact of low-frequency noise and the DC bias of the operational amplifier (op-amp) on the integration circuit due to the high low-frequency gain. Additionally, a high-pass filtering and voltage-divided sampling circuit has been added to ensure the normal operation of the integrator and improve the measurement range of the measurement system. Then, according to the relationship between the amplitude\u2013frequency characteristics of the measurement system and the parameters of each component, the appropriate types of components and op-amp were selected to expand the measurement bandwidth. Finally, a simulation verification was conducted, and the simulation results show that this measurement method can effectively expand the lower measurement frequency limit to 20 Hz, correct the low-frequency distortion caused by Rogowski coils measuring lightning currents on transmission lines, and accurately restore the measured lightning current waveform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1722500086000},"page":"4980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Lightning Current Measurement Method Using Rogowski Coil Based on Integral Circuit with Low-Frequency Attenuation Feedback"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yiping","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}]},{"given":"Hongjian","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan 43007, China"}]},{"given":"Zongtao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.10.005","article-title":"An integrated monitoring system and automatic data analysis to correlate lightning activity and faults on distribution networks","volume":"153","author":"Lazzaretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.04.026","article-title":"Evaluation of lightning-related faults that lead to distribution network outages: An experimental case study","volume":"174","author":"Ravaglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, J.M., Yin, Y.B., and Wang, W. (2023). Lightning Current Measurement Form and Arrangement Scheme of Transmission Line Based on Point-Type Optical Current Transducer. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177467"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, J.M., Shen, Y., Yu, W.B., Han, Y., and Duan, F.W. (2019). Study on the Application of Optical Current Sensor for Lightning Current Measurement of Transmission Line. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235110"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.J., Zhang, Y., Zou, M.J., Wang, J.X., Li, Y.R., Tan, Y.D., Feng, Y.W., Zhang, H.Y., and Zhu, S.X. (2022). Advances in Lightning Monitoring and Location Technology Research in China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051293"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2255994","article-title":"Design of Different Self-Integrating and Differentiating Rogowski Coils for Measuring Large-Magnitude Fast Impulse Currents","volume":"62","author":"Metwally","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3232160","article-title":"Rogowski Coil Sensors for Measuring Lightning Strike Currents on Mechanical Aircraft Joints","volume":"23","author":"Quilez","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2009.2023821","article-title":"Self-Integrating Rogowski Coil for High-Impulse Current Measurement","volume":"59","author":"Metwally","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2805230","article-title":"Research on Lightning Current Sensor Coil Based on Lightning Space Magnetic Field","volume":"67","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020441215010078","article-title":"Multi-layer self-integrating Rogowski coils for high pulsed current measurement","volume":"58","author":"Metwally","year":"2015","journal-title":"Instrum. Exp. Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12207","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.2984055","article-title":"A Review of Traditional Helical to Recent Miniaturized Printed Circuit Board Rogowski Coils for Power-Electronic Applications","volume":"35","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.01.018","article-title":"A wideband, sensitive current sensor employing transimpedance amplifier as interface to Rogowski coil","volume":"256","author":"Hagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s42835-020-00376-y","article-title":"Partial Discharge Measurement Based on an Inductive Mode Air-Core Sensor","volume":"15","author":"Paophan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2052034","article-title":"Design and Construction of a Rogowski Coil for Measuring Wide Pulsed Current","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2222372","article-title":"Performance Improvement of Slow-Wave Rogowski Coils for High Impulse Current Measurement","volume":"13","author":"Metwally","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2011.2177133","article-title":"A Mixed Signal (Analog-Digital) Integrator Design","volume":"59","author":"Bryant","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2362940","article-title":"The Rogowski Coil Principles and Applications: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Samimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s42835-019-00200-2","article-title":"Simulation and Development of Rogowski Coil for Lightning Current Measurement","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2015.11.030","article-title":"Rogowski coil with a non-inverting integrator used for impulse current measurement in high-voltage tests","volume":"139","author":"Yutthagowith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5356","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2022.3181368","article-title":"A Differential Compensated Air Coil Current Sensor for Switching Current Measurement of Power Devices","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2019.0694","article-title":"Structure and modelling of four-layer screen-returned PCB Rogowski coil with very few turns for high-bandwidth SiC current measurement","volume":"13","author":"Ming","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(1989). High Voltage Testing Techniques\u2014Part 1: General Definitions and Testing Requirements (Standard No. IEC 60060-1)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88126","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2926282","article-title":"Fault Location of Lightning Strikes Using Residual Analysis Based on an Adaptive Kalman Filter","volume":"7","author":"Xi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grebovic, S., Oprasic, N., Helac, V., Uglesic, I., Aksamovic, A., and Konjicija, S. (2022). An Approach for Estimating Lightning Current Parameters Using the Empirical Mode Decomposition Method. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249925"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2011.2176131","article-title":"Current Waveforms for Lightning Simulation","volume":"54","author":"Gamerota","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2016.005671","article-title":"Preliminary Full-waveform Inversion of Lightning Current Using Differential-integral Loop Measurement","volume":"23","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trns. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mingotti, A., Betti, C., Tinarelli, R., Peretto, L., Rozga, P., Kunicki, M., and Fulnecek, J. (2023). Simplifying Rogowski Coil Modeling: Simulation and Experimental Verification. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198032"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3001058","article-title":"Extended Wide-Bandwidth Rogowski Current Sensor with PCB Coil and Electronic Characteristic Shaper","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.112014","article-title":"Design and applications of Rogowski coil sensors for power system measurements: A review","volume":"203","author":"Shafiq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4980\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:27:58Z","timestamp":1760110078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/4980"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24154980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24154980","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}}}