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The aim of this study is to explore the use of a novel low-powered wearable distributed Simultaneous Musculoskeletal Assessment with Real-Time Ultrasound (SMART-US) device to predict force during an isometric squat task. Participants (N = 5) performed maximum isometric squats under two medical imaging techniques; clinical musculoskeletal motion mode (m-mode) ultrasound on the dominant vastus lateralis and SMART-US sensors placed on the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, medial hamstring, and vastus medialis. Ultrasound features were extracted, and a linear ridge regression model was used to predict ground reaction force. The performance of ultrasound features to predict measured force was tested using either the Clinical M-mode, SMART-US sensors on the vastus lateralis (SMART-US: VL), rectus femoris (SMART-US: RF), medial hamstring (SMART-US: MH), and vastus medialis (SMART-US: VMO) or utilized all four SMART-US sensors (Distributed SMART-US). Model training showed that the Clinical M-mode and the Distributed SMART-US model were both significantly different from the SMART-US: VL, SMART-US: MH, SMART-US: RF, and SMART-US: VMO models (p &lt; 0.05). Model validation showed that the Distributed SMART-US model had an R2 of 0.80 \u00b1 0.04 and was significantly different from SMART-US: VL but not from the Clinical M-mode model. In conclusion, a novel wearable distributed SMART-US system can predict ground reaction force using machine learning, demonstrating the feasibility of wearable ultrasound imaging for ground reaction force estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24155023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1722866248000},"page":"5023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distributed Wearable Ultrasound Sensors Predict Isometric Ground Reaction Force"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1500-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica L.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6194-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shriniwas","family":"Patwardhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2846-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Bashatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Magee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"School of Sports, Recreation and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3940-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret T.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"School of Sports, Recreation and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0923-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6426-2320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Sikdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parag V.","family":"Chitnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"},{"name":"Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096031","article-title":"Simple Decision Rules Can Reduce Reinjury Risk by 84% after ACL Reconstruction: The Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort Study","volume":"50","author":"Grindem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. 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