{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T03:11:34Z","timestamp":1782184294436,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AO North America"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco Department of Orthopaedic Surgery"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poor pain alleviation remains a problem following orthopedic surgery, leading to prolonged recovery time, increased morbidity, and prolonged opioid use after hospitalization. Wearable device data, collected during postsurgical recovery, may help ameliorate poor pain alleviation because a patient\u2019s physiological state during the recovery process may be inferred from sensor data. In this study, we collected smart ring data from 37 inpatients following orthopedic surgery and developed machine learning models to predict if a patient had postsurgical poor pain alleviation. Machine learning models based on the smart ring data were able to predict if a patient had poor pain alleviation during their hospital stay with an accuracy of 70.0%, an F1-score of 0.769, and an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.762 on an independent test dataset. These values were similar to performance metrics from existing models that rely on static, preoperative patient factors. Our results provide preliminary evidence that wearable device data may help control pain after orthopedic surgery by incorporating real-time, objective estimates of a patient\u2019s pain during recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24155024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1722866248000},"page":"5024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring the Potential of a Smart Ring to Predict Postoperative Pain Outcomes in Orthopedic Surgery Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2050-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Nawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rada","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meir","family":"Marmor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijso.2020.10.003","article-title":"Incidence and associated factors of post-operative pain after emergency Orthopedic surgery: A multi-centered prospective observational cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Arefayne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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