{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:05:21Z","timestamp":1780718721542,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]],"date-time":"2024-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61935003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61935003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A graphene-based tunable polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) was designed and analyzed for the purpose of reducing the radar cross-section (RCS) of array antennas. The metasurface comprises periodic shuttle-shaped metal patches, square-patterned graphene, and inclined grating-patterned graphene. By adjusting the Fermi energy levels of the upper (\u03bc1) and lower (\u03bc2) graphene layers, different states were achieved. In State 1, with \u03bc1 = 0 eV and \u03bc2 = 0.5 eV, the polarization conversion ratio (PCR) exceeded 0.9 in the bandwidths of 1.65\u20132.19 THz and 2.29\u20132.45 THz. In State 2, with \u03bc1 = \u03bc2 = 0.5 eV, the PCR was greater than 0.9 in the 1.23\u20131.85 THz and 2.24\u20132.60 THz bands. In State 3, with \u03bc1 = \u03bc2 = 1 eV, the PCR exceeded 0.9 in the 2.56\u20132.75 THz and 3.73\u20134.05 THz bands. By integrating the PCM with the array antenna, tunable RCS reduction was obtained without affecting the basic radiation functionality of the antenna. In State 1, RCS reduction was greater than 10 dB in the 1.60\u20132.43 THz and 3.63\u20133.72 THz frequency ranges. In State 2, the RCS reduction exceeded 10 dB in the 2.07\u20132.53 THz, 2.78\u20132.98 THz, and 3.70\u20133.81 THz bands. In State 3, RCS reduction was greater than 10 dB in the 1.32\u20131.43 THz, 2.51\u20132.76 THz, and 3.76\u20134.13 THz frequency ranges. This polarization conversion metasurface shows significant potential for applications in switchable and tunable antenna RCS reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24155044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1722866248000},"page":"5044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Graphene-Based Tunable Polarization Conversion Metasurface for Array Antenna Radar Cross-Section Reduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yang\u2019an","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0684-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0333-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7277-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueguang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7719-0792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5023778","article-title":"Water-based metamaterial absorbers for optical transparency and broadband microwave absorption","volume":"123","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2016.09.024","article-title":"Design and characterization of one-dimensional photonic crystals based on ZnS\/Ge for infrared-visible compatible stealth applications","volume":"62","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147586","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946405","article-title":"Hybrid metasurfaces for infrared-multiband radar stealth-compatible materials applications","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2022.112801","article-title":"An optically transparent unequal proportional coding metasurface with absorption and diffusion integrated mechanism for ultra-broadband RCS reduction","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b01036","article-title":"Deterministic approach to achieve broadband polarization-independent diffusive scatterings based on metasurfaces","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2021.111374","article-title":"Phase modulation of metasurfaces for polarization conversion and RCS reduction","volume":"119","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22051-0","article-title":"Multispectral camouflage for infrared, visible, lasers and microwave with radiative cooling","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.409677","article-title":"Design of a wideband terahertz metamaterial absorber based on Pythagorean-tree fractal geometry","volume":"10","author":"Bilal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2022.113351","article-title":"Multispectral flexible ultrawideband metamaterial absorbers for radar stealth and visible light transparency","volume":"135","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.114984","article-title":"Bi-functional metasurface for broadband absorption and broadband cross-polarization conversion based on vanadium dioxide","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9160","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.438237","article-title":"Polarization-insensitive dual-wideband fractal meta-absorber for terahertz applications","volume":"60","author":"Naveed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Optics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2022.128502","article-title":"Flexible broadband terahertz absorbers for RCS reduction on conformal surfaces","volume":"520","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Zhang, N.J., Dong, P., Yang, L., Wang, B.Z., Wu, R.H., and Hou, W.M. (2023). All-Metal Coding Metasurfaces for Broadband Terahertz RCS Reduction and Infrared Invisibility. Photonics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics10090962"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3115845","article-title":"An RCS measurement method using sparse imaging based 3-D SAR complex image","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.207402","article-title":"Perfect metamaterial absorber","volume":"100","author":"Landy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9401","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.009401","article-title":"Polarization-independent wide-angle triple-band metamaterial absorber","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207403","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.207403","article-title":"Infrared spatial and frequency selective metamaterial with near-unity absorbance","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2014.99","article-title":"Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials","volume":"3","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Light-Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2414440","article-title":"Checkerboard EBG surfaces for wideband radar cross section reduction","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2870372","article-title":"A novel checkerboard metasurface based on optimized multielement phase cancellation for superwideband RCS reduction","volume":"66","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2018.5151","article-title":"Dual-polarised and ultra-thin broadband AAMCs for both P and L bands applications","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235399","article-title":"Terahertz metamaterials for linear polarization conversion and anomalous refraction","volume":"340","author":"Grady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154504","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4869917","article-title":"Ultra-wideband polarization conversion metasurfaces based on multiple plasmon resonances","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2434392","article-title":"Ultrawideband and high-efficiency linear polarization converter based on double V-shaped metasurface","volume":"63","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.H., Cao, X.Y., Yang, F., Gao, J., Xu, S.H., Li, M.K., Chen, X.B., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y.J., and Li, S.J. (2016). A programmable metasurface with dynamic polarization, scattering and focusing control. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35692"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80183","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990602","article-title":"A low-RCS, high-GBP Fabry\u2013Perot antenna with embedded chessboard polarization conversion metasurface","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2497352","article-title":"Wideband RCS reduction of a slot array antenna using polarization conversion metasurfaces","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158877","article-title":"Graphene: Status and prospects","volume":"324","author":"Geim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8353","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.008353","article-title":"Graphene in a photonic metamaterial","volume":"18","author":"Papasimakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2021.105039","article-title":"A dual-tunable ultra-broadband terahertz absorber based on graphene and strontium titanate","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064302","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2891452","article-title":"Dyadic Green\u2019s functions and guided surface waves for a surface conductivity model of graphene","volume":"103","author":"Hanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0316-0","article-title":"Frequency-tunable mid-infrared cross polarization converters based on graphene metasurface","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2022.105571","article-title":"Graphene-based tunable linear and linear-to-circular polarization converters in the THz band","volume":"37","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.N., Tao, S.J., Yan, X., Zhang, X., Guo, J.X., and Wen, Z.Q. (2021). Dual-Frequency Polarized Reconfigurable Terahertz Antenna Based on Graphene Metasurface and TOPAS. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12091088"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025302","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5724\/ad47cf","article-title":"Triply degenerate semimetal PtBi2 as van der Waals contact interlayer in two-dimensional transistor","volume":"3","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Futures"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032302","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5724\/ac8aba","article-title":"Advanced atomic force microscopies and their applications in two-dimensional materials: A review","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Futures"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2024.06.001","article-title":"Integration of two-dimensional materials based photodetectors for on-chip applications","volume":"1081","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4827-z","article-title":"Light-driven soft actuator based on graphene and WSe2 nanosheets composite for multimodal motion and remote manipulation","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c02427","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Building Next-Generation Energy-Efficient Devices","volume":"6","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.L., Qi, L.M., Yao, Y., Liu, X.M., Chen, Z.J., Yu, J.S., and Chen, X.D. (2017, January 16\u201319). RCS Reduction Study of THz Microstrip Antenna Based on ITO Absorbing Structure. Proceedings of the Sixth Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/APCAP.2017.8420859"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21729","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21729","article-title":"A novel reconfigurable FSS applied to the antenna radar cross section reduction","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/5044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:29:48Z","timestamp":1760110188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/5044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24155044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24155044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]}}}