{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:36:19Z","timestamp":1780475779975,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]],"date-time":"2024-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja","award":["POA_VIN-56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POA_VIN-56"]}]},{"name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja","award":["Lazio-CUP I35F20000400005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lazio-CUP I35F20000400005"]}]},{"name":"LNF-INFN","award":["POA_VIN-56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POA_VIN-56"]}]},{"name":"LNF-INFN","award":["Lazio-CUP I35F20000400005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lazio-CUP I35F20000400005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors have emerged as a promising technology for the highly sensitive and accurate detection of biomolecules. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of graphene-based SPR biosensors, focusing on configurations with single and bimetallic metallic layers. In this study, we investigated the impact of various metallic substrates, including gold and silver, and the number of graphene layers on key performance metrics: sensitivity of detection, detection accuracy, and quality factor. Our findings reveal that configurations with graphene first supported on gold exhibit superior performance, with sensitivity of detection enhancements up to 30% for ten graphene layers. In contrast, silver-supported configurations, while demonstrating high sensitivity, face challenges in maintaining detection accuracy. Additionally, reducing the thickness of metallic layers by 30% optimizes light coupling and enhances sensor performance. These insights highlight the significant potential of graphene-based SPR biosensors in achieving high sensitivity of detection and reliability, paving the way for their application in diverse biosensing technologies. Our findings pretend to motivate future research focusing on optimizing metallic layer thickness, improving the stability of silver-supported configurations, and experimentally validating the theoretical findings to further advance the development of high-performance SPR biosensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24155049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1722866248000},"page":"5049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Tunable Parameters of Graphene-Based Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talia","family":"Tene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110160, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3115-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Svozil\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba 060155, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennys","family":"Colcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICARIBE Research Center, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yesenia","family":"Cevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba 060108, Ecuador"},{"name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito IMNE, Diego de Robles s\/n, Cumbay\u00e1, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola Gabriela","family":"Vinueza-Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba 060108, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9248-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Vacacela Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0326-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bellucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J., Wang, J., Yang, L., Liu, W., Haihao, F., Chu, P.K., and Liu, C. (2024). Recent Advances of Optical Fiber Biosensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance: Sensing Principles, Structures, and Prospects. Sens. Diagn.","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SD00045E"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2023.129336","article-title":"Plasmonic biosensor with annular aperture array integrated on a resonant cavity LED","volume":"535","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2014.3","article-title":"Handheld high-throughput plasmonic biosensor using computational on-chip imaging","volume":"3","author":"Cetin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071104","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0191871","article-title":"Spectral tweezers: Single sample spectroscopy using optoelectronic tweezers","volume":"124","author":"Zaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111126","article-title":"Gold-Silver Alloy Film Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Biomarker Detection","volume":"116","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122623","article-title":"Gold Nanoclusters: An Ultrasmall Platform for Multifaceted Applications","volume":"234","author":"Kukreti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrozek, P., Gorodkiewicz, E., Falkowski, P., and Ho\u015bci\u0142o, B. (2021). Sensitivity Analysis of Single-and Bimetallic Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134348"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2024.416196","article-title":"Design and Theoretical Analysis of SPR Biosensors Based on Gold-Silver Alloy and Protective Top Layer for Enhanced Biosensing Applications","volume":"689","author":"Phiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-021-01589-1","article-title":"Silicon Nitride-BP-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Highly Sensitive Biosensor for Virus SARS-CoV-2 Detection","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan, M.F. (2024). An Investigation of the Influence of the Graphene Layers Number on the Performance of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors with Various Thicknesses of Silver. J. Opt., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12596-024-01754-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurrohman, D.T., and Chiu, N.-F. (2021). A Review of Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors: Current Status and Future Prospects. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010216"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.262","article-title":"Graphene Plasmonics","volume":"6","author":"Grigorenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2020.01.006","article-title":"Graphene Research and Their Outputs: Status and Prospect","volume":"5","author":"Tiwari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Cao, S., Gao, X., Chen, X., and Zhang, D. (2022). Improving the Detection Accuracy of an Ag\/Au Bimetallic Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Graphene. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10010010"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tene, T., Guevara, M., Svozil\u00edk, J., Coello-Fiallos, D., Brice\u00f1o, J., and Vacacela Gomez, C. (2022). Proving Surface Plasmons in Graphene Nanoribbons Organized as 2D Periodic Arrays and Potential Applications in Biosensors. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10120514"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S334487","article-title":"Graphene and Graphene Oxide as a Support for Biomolecules in the Development of Biosensors","volume":"14","author":"Shahriari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14395","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.014395","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Graphene Biosensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cartre.2020.100011","article-title":"Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors for the Rapid Detection and Analysis of Viruses: A Perspective in View of COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Sengupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon Trends"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.123197","article-title":"Graphene Oxide-Graphene Van der Waals Heterostructure Transistor Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 Protein Detection","volume":"240","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171245","article-title":"Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils","volume":"324","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omar, N.A.S., Fen, Y.W., Abdullah, J., Sadrolhosseini, A.R., Kamil, Y.M., Fauzi, N.I.M., Hashim, H.S., and Mahdi, M.A. (2020). Quantitative and Selective Surface Plasmon Resonance Response Based on a Reduced Graphene Oxide\u2013Polyamidoamine Nanocomposite for Detection of Dengue Virus E-Proteins. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10030569"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.07.066","article-title":"Zinc Oxide, Gold and Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor for Detection of Pseudomonas Like Bacteria: A Comparative Study","volume":"172","author":"Kushwaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-020-3328-8","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Blood Glucose and Gas Detection","volume":"126","author":"Panda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1021\/ja511512m","article-title":"Noncovalently Functionalized Monolayer Graphene for Sensitivity Enhancement of Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensors","volume":"137","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.01.076","article-title":"Label-Free Femtomolar Cancer Biomarker Detection in Human Serum Using Graphene-Coated Surface Plasmon Resonance Chips","volume":"89","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.06.073","article-title":"Carboxyl-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Composites as SPR Biosensors with Enhanced Sensitivity for Immunoaffinity Detection","volume":"89","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.03.008","article-title":"Ultra-High Sensitivity of the Non-Immunological Affinity of Graphene Oxide-Peptide-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors to Detect Human Chorionic Gonadotropin","volume":"94","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.03.070","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Carboxyl-Graphene Oxide-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensor for the Detection of Lung Cancer for Cytokeratin 19 Biomarker in Human Plasma","volume":"265","author":"Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6735","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S213653","article-title":"Development of a Bioaffinity SPR Immunosensor Based on Functionalized Graphene Oxide for the Detection of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A2 in Human Plasma","volume":"14","author":"Chiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800433","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201800433","article-title":"Enhancing the Performance of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor via Modulation of Electron Density at the Graphene\u2013Gold Interface","volume":"5","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"37","article-title":"Graphene-Based Nanostructures from Green Processes and Their Applications in Biomedical Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Goodrum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheon, S., Kihm, K.D., Kim, H.G., Lim, G., Park, J.S., and Lee, J.S. (2014). How to reliably determine the complex refractive index (RI) of graphene by using two independent measurement constraints. Sci. Rep., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06364"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-003-2101-0","article-title":"Present and Future of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors","volume":"377","author":"Homola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155445","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.85.155445","article-title":"Graphene Coatings: An Efficient Protection from Oxidation","volume":"85","author":"Topsakal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurrohman, D.T., Wang, Y.H., and Chiu, N.F. (2020). Exploring Graphene and MoS2 Chips Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors for Diagnostic Applications. Front. Chem., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00728"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osv\u00e1th, Z., P\u00e1link\u00e1s, A., Piszter, G., and Moln\u00e1r, G. (2020). Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene\u2013Silver Nanoparticle Hybrid Materials. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204660"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, I., Julkapli, N.M., Yehye, W.A., Basirun, W.J., and Bhargava, S.K. (2016). Graphene\u2013Gold Nanoparticles Hybrid\u2014Synthesis, Functionalization, and Application in an Electrochemical and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensor. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9060406"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804068","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804068","article-title":"Gilding with Graphene: Rapid Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Graphene on Thin Metal Leaves","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Man, B., Jiang, S., Wang, J., Wei, J., Xu, S., and Liu, H. (2015). Direct Growth Graphene on Cu Nanoparticles by Chemical Vapor Deposition as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate for Label-Free Detection of Adenosine. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b02303"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2011.09.030","article-title":"A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Thin Graphene Sheets Functionalized with Gold and Silver Nanostructures by Seed-Mediated Growth","volume":"50","author":"Sidorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.7.044201","article-title":"Dielectric Function of Epitaxial Quasi-Freestanding Monolayer Graphene on Si-Face 6H-SiC in a Broad Spectral Range","volume":"7","author":"Dubroka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7404","DOI":"10.1063\/1.369370","article-title":"Optical Properties of Graphite","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.12.000555","article-title":"Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-\u03bcm Wavelength Region","volume":"12","author":"Hale","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.photonics.2018.06.003","article-title":"A Study of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Based Biosensor with Improved Sensitivity","volume":"31","author":"Kushwaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photonics Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25574","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.025574","article-title":"Optical Constants and Structural Properties of Thin Gold Films","volume":"25","author":"Yakubovsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.01.039","article-title":"Controlling the Optical Parameters of Self-Assembled Silver Films with Wetting Layers and Annealing","volume":"421B","author":"Ciesielski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335502","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ad4ee8","article-title":"Influence of the Configuration of Metal Sensing Layers on the Performance of a Bimetallic (Ag\u2013Cu) Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor","volume":"35","author":"Pillai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-023-04798-1","article-title":"Optimized Film Thicknesses for Maximum Refractive Index Sensitivity and Figure of Merit of a Bimetallic Film Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor","volume":"139","author":"Chylek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Plus"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2023.3246535","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Bimetallic-Metal Nitride SPR Biosensor for Urine Glucose Detection","volume":"22","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. NanoBioscience"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2010.02.005","article-title":"Electromagnetic Fields Distribution in Multilayer Thin Film Structures and the Origin of Sensitivity Enhancement in Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors","volume":"159","author":"Shalabney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2024.130934","article-title":"Review of the Role of CVD Growth Parameters on Graphene Coating Characteristics and the Resulting Corrosion Resistance","volume":"487","author":"Anisur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149046","article-title":"The Liquid Exfoliation of Graphene in Polar Solvents","volume":"546","author":"Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacacela Gomez, C., Tene, T., Guevara, M., Tubon Usca, G., Colcha, D., Brito, H., Tapia, C., Armijos, J., Caputi, L.S., and Tavolaro, A. (2019). Preparation of Few-Layer Graphene Dispersions from Hydrothermally Expanded Graphite. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9122539"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellucci, S., Maffucci, A., Maksimenko, S., Micciulla, F., Migliore, M.D., Paddubskaya, A., Kuzhir, P., Macchia, V., Rinaldi, G., and Kotsilkova, R. (2018). Electrical Permittivity and Conductivity of a Graphene Nanoplatelet Contact in the Microwave Range. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122519"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/5049\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:29:53Z","timestamp":1760110193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/15\/5049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24155049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24155049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]}}}