{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:36:43Z","timestamp":1767829003576,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]],"date-time":"2024-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education and Research (MIUR) in the framework of the ForeLab Project (Departments of Excellence)","award":["824153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["824153"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education and Research (MIUR) in the framework of the ForeLab Project (Departments of Excellence)","award":["I53C22000780001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I53C22000780001"]}]},{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 Programme","award":["824153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["824153"]}]},{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 Programme","award":["I53C22000780001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I53C22000780001"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["824153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["824153"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["I53C22000780001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I53C22000780001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The orienting reaction (OR) towards a new stimulus is subject to habituation, i.e., progressively attenuates with stimulus repetition. The skin conductance responses (SCRs) are known to represent a reliable measure of OR at the peripheral level. Yet, it is still a matter of debate which of the P3 subcomponents is the most likely to represent the central counterpart of the OR. The aim of the present work was to study habituation, recovery, and dishabituation phenomena intrinsic to a two-stimulus auditory oddball paradigm, one of the most-used paradigms both in research and clinic, by simultaneously recording SCRs and P3 in twenty healthy volunteers. Our findings show that the target stimulus was capable of triggering a more marked OR, as indexed by both SCRs and P3, compared to the standard stimulus, that could be due to its affective saliency and relevance for task completion; the application of temporal principal components analysis (PCA) to the P3 complex allowed us to identify several subcomponents including both early and late P3a (eP3a; lP3a), P3b, novelty P3 (nP3), and both a positive and a negative Slow Wave (+SW; \u2212SW). Particularly, lP3a and P3b subcomponents showed a similar behavior to that observed for SCRs\u00a0, suggesting them as central counterparts of OR. Finally, the P3 evoked by the first standard stimulus after the target showed a significant dishabituation phenomenon which could represent a sign of the local stimulus change. However, it did not reach a sufficient level to trigger an SCR\/OR since it did not represent a salient event in the context of the task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24155053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1722866248000},"page":"5053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Habituation of Central and Electrodermal Responses to an Auditory Two-Stimulus Oddball Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9919-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Rho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center \u201cE. Piaggio\u201d, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2767-0699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro Luis","family":"Callara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center \u201cE. Piaggio\u201d, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2588-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo Pasquale","family":"Scilingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center \u201cE. Piaggio\u201d, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center \u201cE. Piaggio\u201d, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5097-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Bonfiglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Developmental Neurorehabilitation, Neuroscience Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840200800209","article-title":"Electrodermal responses: What happens in the brain","volume":"8","author":"Critchley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015820025297","article-title":"The orientating reflex: The \u201ctargeting reaction\u201d and \u201csearchlight of attention\u201d","volume":"32","author":"Sokolov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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