{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T21:56:47Z","timestamp":1780437407562,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["2020R01005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R01005"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["10318A992001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10318A992001"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["XHTX202003001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XHTX202003001"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["2021C03002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03002"]}]},{"name":"Westlake University","award":["2020R01005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R01005"]}]},{"name":"Westlake University","award":["10318A992001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10318A992001"]}]},{"name":"Westlake University","award":["XHTX202003001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XHTX202003001"]}]},{"name":"Westlake University","award":["2021C03002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03002"]}]},{"name":"Tencent Foundation","award":["2020R01005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R01005"]}]},{"name":"Tencent Foundation","award":["10318A992001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10318A992001"]}]},{"name":"Tencent Foundation","award":["XHTX202003001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XHTX202003001"]}]},{"name":"Tencent Foundation","award":["2021C03002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2020R01005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R01005"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Key R&amp;D Program","award":["10318A992001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10318A992001"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Key R&amp;D Program","award":["XHTX202003001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XHTX202003001"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2021C03002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common pathogen with a high prevalence of infection in human populations. The diagnosis of H. pylori infection is critical for its treatment, eradication, and prognosis. Biosensors have been demonstrated to be powerful for the rapid onsite detection of pathogens, particularly for point-of-care test (POCT) scenarios. In this work, we propose a novel optical biosensor, based on nanomaterial porous silicon (PSi) and photonic surface state Tamm Plasmon Polariton (TPP), for the detection of cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA) of H. pylori bacterium. We fabricated the PSi TPP biosensor, analyzed its optical characteristics, and demonstrated through experiments, with the sensing of the CagA antigen, that the TPP biosensor has a sensitivity of 100 pm\/(ng\/mL), a limit of detection of 0.05 ng\/mL, and specificity in terms of positive-to-negative ratio that is greater than six. From these performance factors, it can be concluded that the TPP biosensor can serve as an effective tool for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection, either in analytical labs or in POCT applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T06:25:24Z","timestamp":1723271124000},"page":"5153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optical Biosensor Based on Porous Silicon and Tamm Plasmon Polariton for Detection of CagA Antigen of Helicobacter pylori"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6824-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoguang","family":"Rong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2713-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Kavokin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The International Center for Polaritonics, School of Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-7272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Sawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12332","article-title":"Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"21","author":"Leja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i37.5578","article-title":"Pathogenesis and clinical management of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection","volume":"25","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q.F., Yuan, C.Z., Zhou, S.A., Lu, J., Zeng, M.Y., Cai, X., and Song, H.P. (2023). Helicobacter pylori infection: A dynamic process from diagnosis to treatment. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1257817"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327745","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: The Maastricht VI\/Florence consensus report","volume":"71","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"88","article-title":"Comparative, Prospective, Study Comparing the Accuracy of Two Different Stool Antigen Tests (Premier Platinum Hpsa and Novel Immunocard Stat! Rapid Test) for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Preliminary Results","volume":"20","author":"Llorca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)01262-9","article-title":"Serological determination of Helicobacter pylori infection using sandwiched and enzymatically amplified piezoelectric biosensor","volume":"429","author":"Su","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.07.002","article-title":"Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori bacterial infections using a voltammetric biosensor","volume":"87","author":"Ly","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Meth"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s10812-016-0290-5","article-title":"Detection of Helicobacter pylori Genome with an Optical Biosensor Based on Hybridization of Urease Gene with a Gold Nanoparticles-Labeled Probe","volume":"83","author":"Shahrashoob","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-023-00989-1","article-title":"Anthocyanin-rich black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) extracts incorporated biosensor for colorimetric detection of Helicobacter pylori with color image processing","volume":"54","author":"Sezgin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1159\/000501634","article-title":"Accuracies of Endoscopic Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori-Gastritis: Multicenter Prospective Study Using White Light Imaging and Linked Color Imaging","volume":"101","author":"Ono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2021.3222","article-title":"Efficacy of immunohistochemical staining in detecting Helicobacter pylori in Saudi patients with minimal and atypical infection","volume":"65","author":"Akeel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302084","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht IV\/Florence Consensus Report","volume":"61","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2014178","article-title":"The use of a second biopsy from the gastric body for the detection of Helicobacter pylori using rapid urease test","volume":"55","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12512","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12512","article-title":"Real-time PCR for Helicobacter pylori diagnosis. The best tools available","volume":"23","author":"Ducournau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0489263","article-title":"DNA biosensor for detection of Helicobacter pylori using phen-dione as the electrochemically active ligand in osmium complexes","volume":"77","author":"Alonso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.01.017","article-title":"Nanoscale porous silicon waveguide for label-free DNA sensing","volume":"23","author":"Rong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125801","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/ad0250","article-title":"Grating assisted temperature insensitive micro-ring resonator biosensor","volume":"25","author":"Verma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250049","DOI":"10.1142\/S179329201250049X","article-title":"A Nanoscale Porous Silicon Microcavity Biosensor for Novel Label-Free Tuberculosis Antigen-Antibody Detection","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-023-05281-y","article-title":"A Gallium arsenide composite semi-conductive material-based 2D photonic crystal biosensor for cancer cell detection","volume":"55","author":"Nagarathnegowda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Quant. Electron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-023-02086-3","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Fiber Optic Biosensor Consisting of Metal\/Sc2O3 Enhancing by Using Aluminum Alloy for Hydrotherapy Applications","volume":"19","author":"Esmailidastjerdipour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200886","DOI":"10.1002\/adts.202200886","article-title":"Computational Modeling for Intelligent Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Design and Experimental Schemes for Real-Time Plasmonic Biosensing: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Theor. Simul."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semwal, V., Jensen, O.R., Bang, O., and Janting, J. (2023). Investigation of Performance Parameters of Spherical Gold Nanoparticles in Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14091717"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2023.123045","article-title":"A novel approach for rapid and sensitive detection of Zika virus utilizing silver nanoislands as SERS platform","volume":"302","author":"Tripathi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700605","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201700605","article-title":"Resonant Mode Engineering of Photonic Crystal Sensors Clad with Ultralow Refractive Index Porous Silicon Dioxide","volume":"5","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312985","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202312985","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Fungal Biomarkers in Clinical Samples via an Interface-Modulated Optical Fiber Biosensor","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.110783","article-title":"Recent advance on fiber optic SPR\/LSPR-based ultra-sensitive biosensors using novel structures and emerging signal amplification strategies","volume":"175","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, G.G., and Sawan, M. (2023). Tamm Plasmon Polariton Biosensors Based on Porous Silicon: Design, Validation and Analysis. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0205.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, G.G., Zheng, Y.Q., Li, X.Q., Guo, M.Z., Su, Y., Bian, S.M., Dang, B.B., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y.J., and Shen, L.H. (2023). A high-throughput fully automatic biosensing platform for efficient COVID-19 detection. Biosens. Bioelectron., 220.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114861"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, G.G., Zheng, Y.Q., Yang, X., Bao, K.J., Xia, F., Ren, H.H., Bian, S.M., Li, L., Zhu, B.W., and Sawan, M. (2022). A Closed-Loop Approach to Fight Coronavirus: Early Detection and Subsequent Treatment. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202208.0390.v1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165415","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.76.165415","article-title":"Tamm plasmon-polaritons: Possible electromagnetic states at the interface of a metal and a dielectric Bragg mirror","volume":"76","author":"Kaliteevski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.36.002299","article-title":"Broadband Tamm plasmon polariton","volume":"36","author":"Vyunishev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314481","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202314481","article-title":"Nanoplasmonic Affinity Analysis System for Molecular Screening Based on Bright-Field Imaging","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906108","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201906108","article-title":"Rapid and Digital Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers Enabled by a Novel Portable Nanoplasmonic Imager","volume":"16","author":"Belushkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.M., Park, J.S., Jung, S.W., Yeom, J., and Yoo, S.M. (2021). Biosensing Applications Using Nanostructure-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093191"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, G.G., Xu, Y.K., and Sawan, M. (2023). Machine Learning Techniques for Effective Pathogen Detection Based on Resonant Biosensors. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.0121.v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0316-9","article-title":"The Relationship between Virulence Factors of Helicobacter pylori and Severity of Gastritis in Infected Patients","volume":"54","author":"Umit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2020.66.7.1","article-title":"The relationship between gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-related gene A genotypes","volume":"66","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12706","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12706","article-title":"Triple-nanostructuring-based noninvasive electro-immune sensing of CagA toxin for Helicobacter pylori detection","volume":"25","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, K., Murti, B.T., Yang, P.K., Malhotra, B.D., Chauhan, N., and Jain, U. (2022). Fabrication of a Molecularly Imprinted Nano-Interface-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of CagA Virulence Factors of H. pylori. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12121066"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30631","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b08901","article-title":"Zinc Oxide Tetrapods Based Biohybrid Interface for Voltammetric Sensing of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"10","author":"Chauhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-023-10494-8","article-title":"High-Resolution Temperature Sensor Based on Resonance Excitation of Tamm Plasmon Polaritons: Graphene Plasmon Polariton Hybrid Mode","volume":"52","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23976","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.434181","article-title":"Broadband wide-angle multilayer absorber based on a broadband omnidirectional optical Tamm state","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102183","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202102183","article-title":"High-Q. and Tailorable Fano Resonances in a One-Dimensional Metal-Optical Tamm State Structure: From a Narrowband Perfect Absorber to a Narrowband Perfect Reflector","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/16\/5153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:33:03Z","timestamp":1760110383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/16\/5153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24165153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24165153","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]}}}