{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T15:13:58Z","timestamp":1781882038521,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62205309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62205310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A snapshot multi-wavelength birefringence imaging measurement method was proposed in this study. The RGB-LEDs at wavelengths 463 nm, 533 nm, and 629 nm were illuminated with circularly polarized light after passing through a circular polarizer. The transmitted light through the birefringent sample was captured by a color polarization camera. A single imaging process captured light intensity in four polarization directions (0\u00b0, 45\u00b0, 90\u00b0, and 135\u00b0) for each of the three RGB spectral wavelength channels, and subsequently measured the first three elements of Stokes vectors (S0, S1, and S2) after the sample. The birefringence retardance and fast-axis azimuthal angle were determined simultaneously. An experimental setup was constructed, and polarization response matrices were calibrated for each spectral wavelength channel to ensure the accurate detection of Stokes vectors. A polymer true zero-order quarter-wave plate was employed to validate measurement accuracy and repeatability. Additionally, stress-induced birefringence in a PMMA arch-shaped workpiece was measured both before and after the application of force. Experimental results revealed that the repeatability of birefringence retardance and fast-axis azimuthal angle was better than 0.67 nm and 0.08\u00b0, respectively. This approach enables multispectral wavelength, high-speed, high-precision, and high-repeatability birefringence imaging measurements through a single imaging session.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1723461826000},"page":"5174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Snapshot Multi-Wavelength Birefringence Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shanxi Province for Opto-Electric Information and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kewu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shanxi Province for Opto-Electric Information and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.472077","article-title":"Multislice computational model for birefringent scattering","volume":"10","author":"Mu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazar, I., Szot, K., and Roleder, K. (2023). Influence of Defects-Induced Stresses on Birefringence in SrTiO3 Single Crystals. Crystals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13070985"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.1c00149","article-title":"Strain-Induced Birefringence of Amorphous Polymers and Molecular Design of Optical Polymers","volume":"3","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.110819","article-title":"Thermal Birefringence-Based beam shaping in high energy lasers","volume":"175","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.063001","article-title":"Observation of magnetoelectric linear Birefringence","volume":"88","author":"Roth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, L., Wang, Q., Yin, B., Xiao, S., Li, H., Wang, M., Liu, X., and Wu, S. (2023). Research on Simultaneous Measurement of Magnetic Field and Temperature Based on Petaloid Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187940"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b00507","article-title":"Optical Waveplates Based on Birefringence of Anisotropic Two-Dimensional Layered Materials","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.489342","article-title":"Data-driven optical method for full-field stress measurements","volume":"48","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01062-w","article-title":"Posterior scleral birefringence measured by triple-input polarization-sensitive imaging as a biomarker of myopia progression","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4454","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.004454","article-title":"Tissue-like phantoms for quantitative birefringence imaging","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0703-8","article-title":"Birefringence-like spin transport via linearly polarized antiferromagnetic magnons","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1613","article-title":"Birefringence and Dichroism in Quasi-1D Transition Metal Trichalcogenides: Direct Experimental Investigation","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29798-0","article-title":"Full-range birefringence control with piezoelectric MEMS-based metasurfaces","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba3367","article-title":"Continuous angle-tunable birefringence with freeform metasurfaces for arbitrary polarization conversion","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"05LT01","article-title":"Measurement of a birefringent sample based on ptychographical iterative engine using planar polariscope","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6580","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.43.006580","article-title":"Two-wave-plate compensator method for single-point retardation measurements","volume":"43","author":"Montarou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"4081206","article-title":"Review of photoelastic image analysis applied to structural birefringent materials: Glass and polymers","volume":"5","author":"Scafidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1863","article-title":"RGB-Color Image Analysis for Determination of Birefringence of Micro-Films and Columnar Coatings","volume":"17","author":"Ryu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36114-8","article-title":"Simple multi-wavelength imaging of birefringence:case study of silk","volume":"8","author":"Honda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.004514","article-title":"Phase retardation measurement of an arbitrary wave plate based on magneto-optical modulating and residue detecting of the base frequency component of the signal","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Wang, S., and Wang, Z. (2023). Measurement of Waveplate Parameters over Entire Clear Aperture Based on Differential Frequency Modulation with Dual Photoelastic Modulators. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074496"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8435","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.433066","article-title":"Two-dimensional birefringence measurement technique using a polarization camera","volume":"60","author":"Lane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2021.106724","article-title":"Optical characterization method for birefringent fluids using a polarization camera","volume":"146","author":"Lane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065605","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/ab1d2f","article-title":"Dynamic characteristics of nematic liquid crystal variable retarders investigated by a high-speed polarimetry","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2011.02.041","article-title":"dispersion in a quartz crystal retrieved from a channeled spectrum resolved by a fiber-optic spectrometer","volume":"284","author":"Hlubina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.000995","article-title":"Calibration method of microgrid polarimeters with image interpolation","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2024, August 07). Available online: https:\/\/www.lbtek.com\/product\/660.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/16\/5174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:34:38Z","timestamp":1760110478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/16\/5174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24165174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24165174","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]}}}