{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T20:54:09Z","timestamp":1771102449476,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN","award":["20227N9LW7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20227N9LW7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Time-resolved spectroscopic and electron\u2013ion coincidence techniques are essential to study dynamic processes in materials or chemical compounds. For this type of analysis, it is necessary to have detectors capable of providing, in addition to image-related information, the time of arrival for each individual detected particle (\u201cx, y, time\u201d). The electronics capable of handling such sensors must meet requirements achievable only with time-to-digital converters (TDC) with a resolution on the order of tens of picoseconds and the use of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to manage data acquisition and transmission. This study introduces the design and implementation of an innovative TDC based on two FPGAs working symbiotically with different tasks: the first (AMD\/Xilinx Artix\u00ae 7) directly implements a TDC, aiming for a temporal precision of 12 picoseconds, while the second (Intel Cyclone\u00ae 10) manages the acquisition and connectivity with the external world. The TDC has been optimized to operate on eight channels (+ sync) simultaneously but is potentially extendable to a greater number of channels, making it particularly suitable for coincidence measurements where it is necessary to temporally correlate multiple pieces of information from various measurement systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T09:08:10Z","timestamp":1723540090000},"page":"5233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High Spatial Resolution Detector System Based on Reconfigurable Dual-FPGA Approach for Coincidence Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4976-2033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cautero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4273-2774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Garzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIB (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7635-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Lusardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIB (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7900-2102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudi","family":"Sergo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8920-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Stebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIB (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIB (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9728-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Ronconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIB (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6084-3953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Geraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIB (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5222-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"P\u00ed\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IOM (Istituto Officina dei Materiali), Strada Statale 14-km 163,5 in AREA, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6465-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Magnano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IOM (Istituto Officina dei Materiali), Strada Statale 14-km 163,5 in AREA, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3305-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maddalena","family":"Pedio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IOM (Istituto Officina dei Materiali), Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6873-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cautero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy"},{"name":"INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104308","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0158189","article-title":"In search of universalities in the dissociative photoionization of PANHs via isomerizations","volume":"159","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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