{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:43:43Z","timestamp":1783745023439,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (German Research Foundation)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["446124066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["446124066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research, Science and the Arts","award":["446124066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["446124066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inclusive design does not stop at removing physical obstacles such as staircases. It also involves identifying architectural features that impose sensory burdens, such as repetitive visual patterns that are known to potentially cause dizziness or visual discomfort. In order to assess their influence on human gait and its stability, three repetitive patterns\u2014random dots, repetitive stripes, and repetitive waves (Lisbon pattern)\u2014were displayed in a coloured and greyscale variant in a virtual reality (VR) environment. The movements of eight participants were recorded using a motion capture system and electromyography (EMG). During all test conditions, a significant increase in the muscular activity of leg flexor muscles was identified just before touchdown. Further, an increase in the activity of laterally stabilising muscles during the swing phase was observed for all of the test conditions. The lateral and vertical centre of mass (CoM) deviation was statistically evaluated using a linear mixed model (LMM). The patterns did cause a significant increase in the CoM excursion in the vertical direction but not in the lateral direction. These findings are indicative of an inhibited and more cautious gait style and a change in control strategy. Furthermore, we quantified the induced discomfort by using both algorithmic estimates and self-reports. The Fourier-based methods favoured the greyscaled random dots over repetitive stripes. The colour metric favoured the striped pattern over the random dots. The participants reported that the wavey Lisbon pattern was the most disruptive. For architectural and structural design, this study indicates (1) that highly repetitive patterns should be used with care in consideration of their impact on the human visuomotor system and its behavioural effects and (2) that coloured patterns should be used with greater caution than greyscale patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T13:35:49Z","timestamp":1723556149000},"page":"5242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Walking on Virtual Surface Patterns Leads to Changed Control Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3592-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Stasica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science and Centre for Cognitive Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1601-341X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celine","family":"Honekamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensorimotor Control and Learning Lab, Centre for Cognitive Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Streiling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensorimotor Control and Learning Lab, Centre for Cognitive Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1544-2405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Penacchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0590-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loes","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensorimotor Control and Learning Lab, Centre for Cognitive Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Seyfarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science and Centre for Cognitive Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasica, M., Streiling, K., Honekamp, C., Schneider, A., Exarchos, A., Henschke, S., Pirincoglu, S., Polat, M., Scholz, N., and St\u00e4hler, C. 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