{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T05:24:34Z","timestamp":1782624274707,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U22A2085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2085"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61705091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61705091"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61935006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61935006"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62205163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205163"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY20F050010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY20F050010"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQ21F050005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ21F050005"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U22A2085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2085"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61705091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61705091"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61935006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61935006"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62205163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205163"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY20F050010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY20F050010"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQ21F050005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ21F050005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to address the \u2018capacity crisis\u2019 caused by the narrow bandwidth of the current C band and the demand for wide-spectrum sensing sources and tunable fiber lasers, a broadband luminescence covering the C + L bands using Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped fluorotellurite glass fiber is investigated in this paper. The optimal doping concentrations in the glass host were determined based on the intensity, lifetime, and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the fluorescence centered at 1.5 \u00b5m, which were found to be 1.5 mol% Er2O3 and 3 mol% Yb2O3. We also systematically investigated this in terms of optical absorption spectra, absorption and emission cross-sections, gain coefficients, Judd\u2013Ofelt parameters, and up-conversion fluorescence. The energy transfer (ET) mechanism between the high concentrations of Er3+ and Yb3+ was summarized. In addition, a step-indexed fiber was prepared based on these fluorotellurite glasses, and a wide bandwidth of ~112.5 nm (covering the C + L bands from 1505.1 to 1617.6 nm) at 3 dB for the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) spectra has been observed at a fiber length of 0.57 m, which is the widest bandwidth among all the reports based on tellurite glass. Therefore, this kind of Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped fluorotellurite glass fiber has great potential for developing broadband C + L band amplifiers, ultra-wide fiber sources for sensing, and tunable fiber lasers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T09:20:51Z","timestamp":1723627251000},"page":"5259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Er3+\/Yb3+ Co-Doped Fluorotellurite Glass Fiber with Broadband Luminescence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hepan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weisheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengchuang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhua","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4426-824X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4882-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xunsi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Institute of Oceanography, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chralyvy, A. (2009, January 20\u201324). Plenary paper: The coming capacity crunch. Proceedings of the 35th European Conference on Optical Communication, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27992","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA05269A","article-title":"Enhanced 1.5 \u03bcm emission from Yb3+\/Er3+ codoped tungsten tellurite glasses for broadband near-infrared optical fiber amplifiers and tunable fiber lasers","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2013.07.003","article-title":"Improvement of 1.53 \u03bcm emission and energy transfer of Yb3+\/Er3+ co-doped tellurite glass and fiber","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"106","article-title":"The nonlinear Shannon limit and the need for new fibres","volume":"8434","author":"Ellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nonlinear Opt. Appl. VI"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.162215","article-title":"Investigation of spectroscopic and photoluminescence properties of Erbium doped phosphate (P2O5-K2O3-Al2O3) glasses","volume":"893","author":"Zaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2013.12.023","article-title":"Structural, thermal and spectroscopic properties of highly Er3+-doped novel oxyfluoride glasses for photonic application","volume":"51","author":"Kesavulu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2004.12.051","article-title":"Spectroscopic properties of Er3+-doped tellurite glass for 1.55 \u03bcm optical amplifier","volume":"397","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.09.135","article-title":"NIR luminescence from Er\u2013Yb, Bi\u2013Yb and Bi\u2013Nd codoped germanate glasses for optical amplification","volume":"476","author":"Lakshminarayana","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-3467(94)90004-3","article-title":"Tellurite glass: A new candidate for fiber devices","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1294.2010.00008.x","article-title":"Glasses for photonic applications","volume":"1","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.158568","article-title":"Broadband near infrared emission of Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped fluorotellurite glass","volume":"866","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6215","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.62.6215","article-title":"Structural origin of spectral broadening of 1.5-\u03bcm emission in Er3+-doped tellurite glasses","volume":"62","author":"Jha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.004695","article-title":"Holmium-doped fluorotellurite microstructured fibers for 2.1 \u03bcm lasing","volume":"40","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2530358","article-title":"2.074-\u03bcm Lasing from Ho3+-Doped Fluorotellurite Microstructured Fibers Pumped by a 1120 nm Laser","volume":"28","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2022.3158813","article-title":"25.8 W all-fiber mid-infrared supercontinuum light sources based on fluorotellurite fibers","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Keiser, G. (2000). Optical Fiber Communications, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, P.M., Olsson, A.A., and Simpson, J.R. (1999). Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012084590-3\/50007-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2005.02.009","article-title":"Fabrication and emission properties of Er3+\/Yb3+ codoped tellurite glass fiber for broadband optical amplification","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125004","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3657817","article-title":"Superfluorescent fiber source achieving multisignal power equalization in distributed fiber Bragg grating sensing","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2022.168723","article-title":"Broadband ASE source for S+ C+ L bands using hafnia-bismuth based erbium co-doped fibers","volume":"255","author":"Almukhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6135","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.006135","article-title":"High power C+ L-band Erbium ASE source using optical circulator with double-pass and bi-directional pumping configuration","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2014.05.027","article-title":"A high flattening C+ L band broadband source based on single pump and the same erbium-doped fiber","volume":"125","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1088\/1009-1963\/15\/12\/023","article-title":"Broadband amplified spontaneous emission from Er3+-doped single-mode tellurite fibre","volume":"15","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.04.112","article-title":"Upconversion and near infrared emission properties of a novel Er3+\/Yb3+ codoped fluoro-tellurite glass","volume":"682","author":"Maaoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.10.156","article-title":"Novel insights on energy transfer processes in [Ce4+\/Ce3+]-Er3+-doped tellurite glass","volume":"49","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2019.109616","article-title":"Energy transfer induced enhancement in NIR luminescence characteristics of Yb3+\/Er3+ co-doped sodium zinc bismuth fluorophosphate glasses","volume":"100","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2014.12.012","article-title":"Structural and spectroscopic behavior of Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped boro-tellurite glasses","volume":"410","author":"Suthanthirakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2008.01.004","article-title":"Superfluorescence from Yb-and Yb\u2013Er-doped phosphotellurite glass fibres","volume":"14","author":"Nandi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2013.11.056","article-title":"Optical and spectroscopic characterization of Er3+\u2013Yb3+ co-doped tellurite glasses and fibers","volume":"317","author":"Desirena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0721(09)60033-8","article-title":"Fabrication and gain performance of Er3+\/Yb3+-codoped tellurite glass fiber","volume":"26","author":"Shixun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rare Earths"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2016.08.025","article-title":"Silicate-clad highly Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate core multimaterial fibers","volume":"452","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.157305","article-title":"Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped bismuthate glass and its large-mode-area double-cladding fiber for 1.53 \u03bcm laser","volume":"853","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5584","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.17927","article-title":"Er3+-doped antimony-silica glass and fiber for broadband optical amplification","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28850","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.496574","article-title":"Broadband 1.5\u20132.1 \u00b5m emission in gallo-germanate dual-core optical fiber co-doped with Er3+ and Yb3+\/ Tm3+\/Ho3+","volume":"31","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2012.11.042","article-title":"Structural and optical properties of Er3+-Yb3+ codoped multicomposition TeO 2-ZnO-PbO-TiO2-Na2O glass","volume":"362","author":"Baki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.16439","article-title":"A novel chalcohalide fiber with high nonlinearity and low material zero-dispersion via extrusion","volume":"102","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2004.10.030","article-title":"Optical transitions of Er3+\/Yb3+ codoped TeO2\u2013WO3\u2013Bi2O3 glass","volume":"61","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A299","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.134.A299","article-title":"Theory of phonon-terminated optical masers","volume":"134","author":"McCumber","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.127.750","article-title":"Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions","volume":"127","author":"Judd","year":"1962","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1701366","article-title":"Intensities of crystal spectra of rare-earth ions","volume":"37","author":"Ofelt","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.46.3305","article-title":"Compositional dependence of Judd-Ofelt parameters of Er3+ ions in alkali-metal borate glasses","volume":"46","author":"Tanabe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2019.03.022","article-title":"Structural, optical and NIR studies of Er3+ ions doped bismuth boro tellurite glasses for luminescence materials applications","volume":"211","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.10.134","article-title":"Fabrication, linear\/nonlinear optical properties, Judd\u2013Ofelt parameters and gamma-ray attenuation capacity of Er2O3 doped P2O5\u2013ZnO\u2013CdO glasses","volume":"15","author":"Shams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.106739","article-title":"NIR emission and up-conversion spectral studies of Er\/Yb co-doped B2O3-Bi2O3-NaF-BaF2 glasses for optical amplifiers and laser applications","volume":"36","author":"Gelija","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2019.04.021","article-title":"Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped tellurite glasses for optical fiber thermometry upon UV and NIR excitations","volume":"212","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2013.12.008","article-title":"Er\u2013Yb codoped phosphate glasses with improved gain characteristics for an efficient 1.55 \u00b5m broadband optical amplifiers","volume":"148","author":"Langar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2021.118300","article-title":"1.53 \u03bcm luminescent properties and energy transfer processes of Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped bismuth germanate glass laser material","volume":"239","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2020.109788","article-title":"The impact of Er\/Yb co-doping on the spectroscopic performance of bismuth borophosphate glasses for photonic applications","volume":"183","author":"Naseer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.02.385","article-title":"Net gain in C+ L band from LED pumped broadband emission in Er3+-doped oxyhalide tellurite glass","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95102","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/41\/9\/095102","article-title":"Er3+ and Yb3+ concentration effect in the spectroscopic properties and energy transfer in Yb3+\/Er3+ codoped tellurite glasses","volume":"41","author":"Desirena","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.02.064","article-title":"Comparative studies of spectroscopic properties in Er3+\u2013Yb3+ codoped phosphate glasses","volume":"470","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2017.10.072","article-title":"Spectroscopic properties and upconversion studies of Er3+-doped SiO2-Al2O3-Na2CO3-SrF2-CaF2 oxyfluoride glasses for optical amplifier applications","volume":"194","author":"Devarajulu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.6.000279","article-title":"Effects of melting temperature and composition on spectroscopic properties of Er3+-doped bismuth glasses","volume":"6","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2022.119239","article-title":"Optical and spectroscopic properties of Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped calcium borotellurite glasses","volume":"251","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119732","article-title":"Influence of Er3+ ions on structural and fluorescence properties of SiO2-B2O3-Na2Co3-NaF-CaF2 glasses for broadband 1.53 \u03bcm optical amplifier applications","volume":"528","author":"Rajesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2011.01.016","article-title":"Optical properties of highly Er3+-doped sodium\u2013aluminium\u2013phosphate glasses for broadband 1.5 \u03bcm emission","volume":"509","author":"Reddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2004.01.002","article-title":"Study of luminescence properties of Er3+-ions in new tellurite glasses","volume":"26","author":"Patra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2017.05.012","article-title":"Longer lifetime of Er3+\/Yb3+ co-doped fluorophosphate glasses for optical amplifier applications","volume":"471","author":"Linganna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2807915","article-title":"Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers: Principles and applications","volume":"48","author":"Desurvire","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Today"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2023.112628","article-title":"Sensitizing effect of Yb3+ ions on 1.53 \u00b5m broadband and 548nm upconversion green emissions of Er3+-doped TeO2\u2013WO3\u2013GeO2 glasses","volume":"171","author":"Jamalaiah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(99)00462-7","article-title":"Fabrication of Er3+-doped fluoride fibres with single-mode geometry based on over-clad drilling","volume":"256","author":"Braglia","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00223.x","article-title":"Nonradiative energy losses and radiation trapping in neodymium-doped phosphate laser glasses","volume":"85","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/21\/2\/032","article-title":"Characterization of amplified spontaneous emission from Er3+-doped tellurite fibre","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/16\/5259\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:36:37Z","timestamp":1760110597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/16\/5259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s24165259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24165259","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]}}}